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RECOMMENDATIONS. 



We have examined " A School History of the United States" 
by John J. Anderson, and consider it admirably adapted for use 
as a class manual upon this subject. The materials are judicious- 
ly selected and arranged, the facts clearly and accurately stated, 
and the style simple and appropriate. Although arranged in a 
catechetical form, it possesses the advantages of a continuous nar- 
rative, preserving fully the connection of events, and, by copious 
and explicit answers, giving the pupil a complete knowledge of 
every prominent fact in the history. The chronological tables, 
questions for review, etc., afford abundant facilities to the teacher 
for the thorough and efficient exercise of pupils in the text mat- 
ter of the book. The map illustrations also constitute a most 
important and commendable feature. We consider it altogether 
the best book upon the subject, we have seen, for school pur- 
poses. 

S. S. RANDALL, 
City Superintendent of Common Schools, New York. 

HENRY KIDDLE, 
Assistant Supt. of Common Schools, Neio York. 

WILLIAM JONES, JR., 
Assistant Supt. of Common Schools, New York. 
WILLIAM W. SMITH, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 1. 
CHARLES H. KIMBALL, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 2. 
DAVID PATTERSON, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 3. 
MICHAEL J. O'DONNELL, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 5. 



RECOMMENDATIONS. 

SAMUEL D. ALLISON", 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 7. 
JOHN F. STODDARD, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 10. 
JOHN. G. McNARY, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 11. 
WILLIAM SMEATON, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 19. 
ALEXANDER MOREHOUSE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 20. 
JOHN BOYLE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 21. 
JAMES M. SWEENY, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 24. 
OLIVER O'DONNELL, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 26. 
L. W. ANNAN, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 29. 
THOMAS HUNTER, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 35. 
ALPHEUS DU BOIS, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 36. 
E. L. AVERY, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 42. 
THOMAS FOULKE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 45. 

New York, Oct. 22, 1859. 



Mr. Anderson will, I think, add to the number of useful text- 
books by the publication of his "School History of the United 
States." Having examined the work in proof-sheets, I am of 
the opinion that it will be found to be well adapted to the object 
aimed at. The maps, introduced just where they are needed, 
are a valuable feature, and will greatly aid and interest the 
youthful student of history. The work will, in my judgment, 
immediately take its place among the best and most accurate 
manuals of United States History extant. 

JOHN II. FANNING, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 12. 






RECOMMENDATIONS. 

"We concur fully in the opinion as above expressed by Mr. 
Fanning of Anderson's School History. 

LEONARD HAZELTINE, 

Principal of Grammar School, A r o. 13. 
N. P. BEERS, 

Principal of Grammar School, A r <?. 15. 
E. McILROY, 

Principal of Grammar School, A T o. 30. 
J. H. PARTRIDGE, 

Principal of Grammar School, No. 48. 
New Yoek, Nov. 10, 1859. 



Office of City Superintendent, \ 
Brooklyn, Nov. 17, 1859. \ 

From a cursory examination of the proof-sheets of " A School 
History of the United States" by John J. Anderson, I am pleased 
with the book, its general character, style and arrangement. The 
author has shown good taste in selecting his materials, and ex- 
cellent judgment in disposing of the same. 

I think Messrs. Randall, Kiddle, Fanning and others, in their 
recommendations, have presented the work in its true light. 
Entertaining these views, I cheerfully indorse the same and rec- 
ommend its introduction to our schools. 

J. "W. BULKLEY, City Superintendent. 



Male Grammar Sciiool, No. 23, ) 
New York, Nov. 17, 1859. \ 
I have given a rapid glance through the pages of Mr. J. J. 
Anderson's School History of the United States, and am favora- 
bly impressed with its merits as a school-book. It appears to 
contain all the events and facts in the history of this country, 
which should find place in such a book, well arranged and clas- 
sified. The principles which govern the compilation of a book 
of this kind are so few, that very little room is left an author to 
display his ability ; but so far as Mr. Anderson has had an oppor- 
tunity of doing so, I think he has produced a work which will 
add to his reputation as a compiler of school-books. 

WILLIAA1 MULLANY, Principal 



A 

SCHOOL HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES, 

ARRANGED ON THE CATECHETICAL PLAN ; 

TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

AJJD THE 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

WITH 

QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 

BY 

JOINS' J". A1SDERSON, 




NEW YORK: 
CLARK, AUSTIN & SMITH, 

3 PAKE KOW AND 3 ANN STREET. 



Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by 

JOHN J. ANDERSON, 

In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States, for the 
Southern District of New York. 



C. A. ALVORD, PRIXTER AND STF:RE0TY?ER, 
15 VANDEWATER ST., NEW YORK. 



*«* '• > 






PREFACE. 



Tins work is offered to the public with the hope that it 
will supply a deficiency which must have been long felt by 
the teachers of our schools — the want of a manual of Amer- 
ican history, properly adapted to the purposes of class in- 
struction. 

Of course no attempt has been made to introduce facts 
not embraced in works already published upon the subject, 
or to present the pupil with a profusion of detail; but so 
to arrange the matter presented as to make the strongest 
impression upon his mind, and to afford him a clear and 
accurate knowledge of every prominent fact in the history 
of his country, from the date of its discovery to the present 
time. 

Although the catechetical plan has been adopted, great care 
has been taken to avoid the fault so commonly found in con- 
nection with it, of making the answer a mere echo of the 
question, and confining to the latter the most important part 
of the statement or fact, leaving to the scholar very often to 
learn only a simple and meaningless "yes" or " no. 1 ' Every 
answer in the present work, is complete in itself; and thus 
the work may be read or studied independently of the ques- 
tions, in the form and manner of a continuous narrative, great 
pains having been taken so to construct and arrange the sen- 
tences and answers as to impress upon the pupil's mind the 



8 PREFACE. 

actual order and connection of events — a most important 
point in a manual upon this subject. 

That part of the work which treats of the more minute 
events, and which consequently may be omitted on a first 
perusal or study of it, has been printed in smaller type, so 
as to be readily distinguished by teachers, and thus to enable 
them to give their pupils a general knowledge of the sub- 
ject before proceeding to more minute details. 

Deeming that too great importance can scarcely be at- 
tributed to chronology and geography as the means of eluci- 
dating, and of permanently impressing upon the mind, the 
facts of history, the author has made the maps and chro- 
nological tables, and the exercises upon the same, quite a 
prominent feature; so as to present forcibly not only the 
time of each event, but the exact geographical position of 
every important place referred to in the text. 

The correct pronunciation of the more difficult proper 
names, which are so liable to be miscalled by both teachers 
and pupils, has been indicated according to the most reliable 
authorities, Webster, Worcester, Baldwin, etc. 

The "Review Questions," placed at suitable intervals 
throughout the work, the author considers a most valuable 
feature, and has no doubt they will prove highly useful to 
teachers in testing the pupil's intelligence and advancement, 
and in checking the evil too commonly observed, of merely 
memorizing by rote the language of the text-book, without 
a proper exercise of thought. 

With this brief summary of what he has attempted in this 
little work, the author presents it to the attention of teach- 
ers with the hope that it will meet their approval, and prove 
useful in facilitating their labors, and assisting the young 
minds committed to their instruction, to acquire a knowl- 
edge of the history and constitution of our country. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGB 

SECTION I.— Discoveries and Explorations 11 

SECTION II.— Colonial History 24 

Virginia (25), Massachusetts (38, 54), New Hampshire (44), Con- 
necticut (46), Ehode Island (50), New York (64), New Jersey 
(70), Maryland (76), Pennsylvania (79), Delaware, (82), North 
and South Carolina (84), Georgia (88). 

SECTION III.— The French and Indian War 92 

Events of 1753 (93), Events of 1754 (95), Events of 1755 (97), 
Events of 1756 (100), Events of 1757 (102), Events of 1758 (103), 
Events of 1759 (105), Events of 1760 (107), Table of principal 
battles (108). 

SECTION IV.— The American Revolution Ill 

Causes of the war (111), Events of 1775 (117), Events of 1776 
(127), Events of 1777 (139), Events of 177S (153), Events of 1779 
(158), Events of 1780 (103), Events of 1781 (173). 
SECTION V.— Close of the Revolution, and Events to the beginning 

of Washington's Administration 181 

Table of the principal battles of the Revolution (1S5). 
SECTION VI. — From the beginning of Washington's Administration 

to the close of Jefferson's 18S 

Washington's Administration (188), John Adams's (192), Jeffer- 
son's (194). 

SECTION VII.— Madison's Administration 200 

Causes of the Second War with England (200), Events of 1312 
(201), Events of 1313 (20S), Events of 1814 and close of the war 
(221), Table of the principal Land Battles (233), Table of the 
principal Naval Battles (23-1,) War with Algiers (237). 



10 CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

SECTION VIII. — From the beginning of Monroe's Administration 

to the close of Tyler's 238 

Monroe's Administration (233), John Quincy Adams's (240), Jack- 
son's (241), Van Buren's (244), Harrison's (245), Tyler's (246). 

SECTION IX.— Polk's Administration 249 

Causes of the War with Mexico (249), Taylor's campaign (250), 
Scott's Campaign (256), Table of principal Battles (262). 
SECTION X. — From the beginning of Taylor's Administration to 

the present time 265 

Taylor's Administration (265), Fillmore's (266), Pierce's (260), 
Buchanan's, (267). 
Chronological Table of the principal events relating to the Histo- 
ry of the United States, from 1492 to the present time 268 

A Table of the Settlement and Admission of the States 279 

A Table of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents 280 

The Declaration of Independence 285 

Tiie Constitution op the United States, with questions and expla- 
nations 290 

MAPS. 

1. Vicinity of Chesapeake Bay 24 

2. Vicinity of Massachusetts Bay 33 

3. Vicinity of Long Island Sound 46 

4. The State of New York 64 

5. The upper part of New Jersey with vicinity of Philadelphia 71 

6. Eastern part of the Carolinas 84 

7. Boston and vicinity 119 

8. Vicinity of Charleston 129 

9. Eastern part of the Carolinas, (repeated) 163 

10. "Detroit and vicinity 202 

11. Niagara Frontier 205 

12. Detroit and vicinity, (repeated) 209 

13. The State of Alabama 213 

14. Niagara Frontier, (repeated) 222 

15. Baltimore and vicinity 228 

16. Taylor's campaign in Mexico 250 

17. Scott's campaign in Mexico 257 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



SECTION I. 
Discoveries and Explorations. 

EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO THE 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607. 



Wlien vms America discovered ? 

America was discovered on the 12th of October, 
1492. 

By whom was it discovered ? 

The discoverer was Christopher Columbus, a native 
of Genoa, in Italy. 

What -prompted Columbus to make his voyage westward, ? 

Columbus believed the earth to be round, and that 
by sailing westward, he would sooner reach India than 
by taking the usual route around the Cape of Good 
Hope. 

What country was then called India ? 

The country in the south-east part of Asia with the 
adjacent islands, was then called India. 

What religious motives prompted Columbus? 

Columbus was influenced by the conviction that he 
was commissioned by Heaven to carry the gospel to 
the heathen of unknown lands. 

By whom xoas he assisted, in his undertaking? 

After vainly seeking aid from the people of Genoa 



12 VOYAGES BY COLUMBUS. 

and the monarchs of England and Portugal, lie was 
assisted by Isabella, queen of Spain. 

From what place did he embark ? 

He sailed from Palos, at the mouth of the river Tiuto, in Spain. 
With how many vessels ? 

He sailed with three vessels: the Pinta (pen'-tah), Santa Maria 
{san'-tah ma-re' 'ah), and Nina (ne'-nah). 

Wliat land did he first discover f 

The first land discovered by Columbus was one of 
the Bahama islands, called by the natives Guanahana 
(givah-nah-hah'-nah), by him San Salvador, now known 
as Cat island. 

How many voyages did he make ? 

Columbus made four voyages to the New World. 

What discoveries did he make in the first two f 

In the first two voyages his discoveries were confined to the islands 
between North and South America, 

What discoveries did he make in his third voyage ? 

In his third voyage, in 1498, he discovered the con- 
tinent, at the mouth of the river Orinoco, in South 
America. 

What did he accomplish in his fourth voyage ? 

In his fourth voyage, he examined the coast of Darien. 

Did Columbus know that he had discovered a new continent ? 

Columbus supposed that the lands discovered were 
islands near the coast of Asia ; and he died in igno- 
rance of the real grandeur of his discovery. 

By whom and in what region vjos the continent visited in 1499 ? 

In 1499, the year after Columbus discovered the 
continent, Amerigo Vespucci (a-ma '-re-go ves-poot' -she), 
a Florentine gentleman, visited the eastern coast of 
South America. 

What did he do on his return to Europe? 

After his return to Europe, Vespucci published an 
account of the regions visited, in which he claimed to 



DISCOVERIES BY THE CABOTS. 13 

have been the first European that landed on the west- 
ern continent. 

Why ivas not the name of Columbus given to the Neio World ? 

In consequence of the claim set up by Amerigo 
Vespucci, and of his account being the first published 
to the world, the country was unjustly called America. 

Had any navigator discovered any portion of the American continent 
before the discovery made by Columbus in his third voyage ? 

John Ca-bot' and his son Sebastian, sailing under a 
commission from Henry VII., of England, discovered 
the coast of Labrador, in 1497. 

What exploration did Sebastian Cabot make during the next year ? 

In a second voyage, Sebastian Cabot explored the 
coast from Labrador to Florida. 

What rendered the discoveries of the Cabots of special importance t 

England based her claim to all the country from 
Labrador to Florida, upon the discoveries made by the 

Cabots. 

What land was discovered in 1506? 
Yucatan was discovered in 1506. 
What discovery was made in 1513 ? 

In 15 IB, Balboa (bal-bo'-ah) crossed the isthmus of Darien, and from 
the summit of a mountain discovered the Pacific ocean. 

What visionary enterprise was undertaken by Ponce de Leon ? 

Ponce de Leon (pon-thd da la' -on), an aged Spaniard, 
sailed from Porto Rico, in search of a wonderful foun- 
tain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama 
islands, and would impart immortal youth to all who 
drank of its waters. 

What discovery did he make ? 

In 1512, he discovered an unknown land, to which 
he gave the name of Florida. 

Why did he so name the country? 

Owing to the abundance of flowers that adorned 
the forests, as well as to the discovery happening 
2 



14 DE LEON'S EXPLORATIONS. 

on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua 
Florida {pah r -scoo-ah flor' -e-dah), he called the country 
Florida. 

Did he find the fountain searched for? 

He continued his search along the coast of Florida 
and among the Tortugas islands, but without finding 
the fountain. 

Did he make any other voyage to Florida ? 

De Leon made a voyage to Florida for the purpose of forming a set- 
tlement; but in an attack made upon him by the natives, he was mor- 
tally wounded, and the most of his followers were killed. 

WJw in the mean time visited the coast of Carolina ? 

About the time that De Leon was suffering defeat 
in Forida,De Aj\\or\(dd ail'-yon), a Spanish adventurer, 
was making visits to the coast of South Carolina, 

What can you say of his visits ? 

He made two visits ; the first having for its object 
the seizure of a large number of natives to work the 
plantations and mines of St. Domingo ; the object of 
the second was to conquer the country. 

Was he successful ? 

He was unsuccessful in both expeditions. 

What discoveries and explorations did Cordova make'? 
In 1517, Cordova discovered Mexico, and explored the northern coast 
of Yucatan. 

With what report did he return to Cuba ? 

He returned to Cuba, with the report of a people considerably ad- 
vanced in civilization and the mechanic arts, and in possession of im- 
mense riches. 

Row did his report affect the Spaniards ? 

His report awakened a keen desire among the Spaniards to possess 
the riches of the strange people. 

Who ivas consequently sent to Mexico? 

Y <Ansquez(v a-lah'-skath\ the governor of Cuba, sent an expedition to 
Mexico, under the direction of Juan de Grijalva (gre-hahV -vah). 

With what result ? 

The southern coast of Mexico was explored, and a large amount of 
treasure obtained by trafficking with the natives. 



CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 15 

What did Velasq Uez then determine upon ? 

Velasquez then determined to conquer the Mexicans, and get posses- 
sion of their wealth. 

In what way did he proceed ? 

He sent an expedition, consisting of eleven vessels and more than 
six hundred armed men, under the command of Fernando Cor'-tez. 

Give an account of the invasion by Gortez. 

In 1519, Cortez landed near Vera Cruz, and was at once met by 
friendly deputations from Montezuma (mon-ta-zoo' -mah), the Mexican 
emperor. By perseverance and a course of falsehood and duplicity, 
Cortez succeeded in reaching the Indian capital, the city of Mexico. 

What further account can you give of the expedition? 

By stratagem and boldness, and with the aid of Indian tribes op- 
posed to the Mexican rule, Cortez succeeded in conquering the people ; 
and Mexico became a province of Spain, in 1521. 

What did Narvaez undertake to do? 

Narvaez (nar'-vah-dtii), in the expectation of finding a wealthy em- 
pire like Peru or Mexico, undertook to conquer Florida, in 1528. 

Give an account of the undertaking made by Narvaez. 

Having been appointed governor of Florida by 
the Spanish sovereign, Narvaez sailed from Cuba to 
conquer and possess the country. The expedition 
proved disastrous; for of three hundred men who pen- 
etrated the country, only four returned to Spain. 

What assertion did the four men make ? 

Upon their return to Spain, the four men asserted that Florida was 
the richest country in the world. 

By whom was the assertion believed? 

The people of Spain generally believed the assertion ; but to no one 
was credulity more disastrous than to Ferdinand De Soto (da so' -to). 

Who was Be Soto? 

De Soto was a brave cavalier who had gained riches and military 
honors with Pizarro, in Peru. 

What did Be Soto solicit of the Spanish sovereign? 

He solicited permission to conquer Florida at his own expense. 

How was his petition answered? 

Tbe Spanish sovereign not only granted the request, but appointed 
De Soto governor for life of Cuba, and of the immense territory to which 
the name of Florida was vaguely applied. 



16 DE SOTO'S EXPEDITION". 

Under what circumstances did De Soto depart from Spain ? 

With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay company of 
six hundred armed men, De Soto sailed for the New 
World, in 1538. 

What can you say of his movements after leaving Florida ? 

Leaving his wife to govern Cuba, De Soto proceeded 
to Florida, landed on the shores of Tampa bay, and 
commenced his march into the interior, toward the 
fancied land of gold. 

What desire animated him f 

De Soto desired to rival Cortez in glory, and to sur- 
pass Pizarro in wealth. 

What great river did lie discover ? 

In 1541, he discovered the Mississippi. 

What account can you give of his wanderings ? 

After wandering for nearly three years in the wil- 
derness, encountering the hostility of the natives, and 
suffering disasters and disappointments, he sickened 
and died. 

What was done with his body ? 

His body was sunk beneath the waters of the Mis- 
sissippi, for the purpose of concealing his death from 
the natives, who regarded him with awe and fear. 

What became of De Solo's followers? 

After vainly trying to reach Mexico through the forests, the remnant 
of De Soto's followers built seven frail barks, sailed down the Mississippi 
and along the coast of Mexico, until they arrived at a Spanish settle- 
ment. 

What did Verrazani accomplish? 

In 1524, Verrazani (vd-rat-tsah f -ne), while sailing in 
the service of France, explored the coast of North 
America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland (new f - 
fund-land). 

What name did he give to the country? 

To the whole region explored by Verrazani, he gave the name of 
New France. 



cartier's EXPLORATIONS. 17 

To what territory rvas the name afterward applied ? 

The name, New France, was afterward restricted to the territory of 
Canada. 

How long did Canada retain the name? 

Canada was called New France while it remained in possession of 
the French. 

How came Canada to be in possession of the French f 

In 1534, James Cartier (car-te-dre), serving under orders from the 
kirip,- of France, discovered the river St. Lawrence, explored its banks, 
and took possession of the whole country in the name of his king. 

What attempts were made by the French to settle Canada? 

Cartier and the Lord of Roberval (ro-bare-val') made several at- 
tempts on behalf of the French, to settle Canada ; but all attempts were 
unsuccessful until Samuel Champlain (sliam-plane) made a settlement 
on the site of Quebec. 

Which then is the oldest settlement in Canada? 

Quebec, settled by the French in 1G03, is the oldest French settle- 
ment in Canada. 

Is Quebec the oldest French settlement in America? 

The oldest French settlement in America is Port 
Eojal, now called Annapolis, in Nova Scotia. 

When and by whom was Port Royal settled? 

Port Royal was settled in 1605 by the French, under DeMonts (du- 
mong'), a wealthy Hu'-gue-not. 

What territory was called Acadia by DeMonts? 
The whole territory now included in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
and the adjacent islands, was called A-ca'-di-a. 

Had the French attempted to make settlements in other parts of America ? 

More than forty years before the settlement of Port 
Royal, in Nova Scotia, the Huguenots, or French Prot- 
estants, undertook to establish colonies — one in South 
Carolina, and another in Florida. 

With what object did the Huguenots undertake to establish colonies ? 

Their object was to provide a place of refuge for 
the Protestants of France. 

Who was the leading man among them ? 

Their expeditions were undertaken by direction and 
aid of Jaspar Coligny (ho-lin-ye'), Admiral of France. 
2* 



18 THE HUGUENOTS. 

Who had command of the first expedition ? 

The first expedition sent out by the Huguenots, was intrusted to the 
command of John Ribault {re-bo'). 

Give some account of it. 

The colonists landed at Port "Royal entrance, Carolina, selected their 
place of refuge, and built Fort Carolina, in honor of the king of France. 

What importance may be attached to the name of the Fort ? 

Fort Carolina first gave a name to the country, a century before it 
was occupied by the English. * 

What became of the colony at Port Royal entrance? 

Ribault, leaving twenty-six men to keep possession of the country, 
returned to France for reinforcements ; but the promised reinforcements 
not arriving, the colonists in despair embarked for their native land. 

Where did the Huguenots settle in 1564 ? 

In 1564, a body of Huguenots settled on the banks 
of the St. John's river, Florida, 

By whom were they attacked? 

They were surprised and attacked by a Spanish 
force under Melendez (md-len' '-ddth). 

What appointment had Melendez received ? 

Melendez had been appointed governor of Florida for life, upon con- 
dition that he would conquer the country within three years. 

What was the result of the attack made by Melendez ? 

Men, women, and children were massacred, and the 
settlement was broken up. 

In what manner were the French avenged ? 

De Gourges (du-goorg'), a brave soldier of France, 
having fitted out three ships at his own expense, sur- 
prised two Spanish forts on the St. John's river, and 
hung two hundred captives upon the trees. 

What settlement had Melendez previously made ? 

Before Melendez attacked the Huguenots, he had 
formed a settlement at St. Augustine, in 1565. 

What is said of the age of the settlement ? 

St. Augustine is tho» oldest town in the United States. 



gilbert's voyages. 19 

What was the first undertaking started by the English for the planting 
of a colony in America f 

The first enterprise on the part of the English for 
the purpose of planting a colony in America, was un- 
dertaken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in 1759. 

What account can you give of the undertaking f 

Gilbert sailed from England under a patent which 
had been granted by Queen Elizabeth; but severe 
storms and Spanish war vessels compelled him to put 
back, and the scheme for a time was abandoned. 

What account can you give of the next attempt ? 

In 1583, Gilbert sailed a second time for America. 
He landed at Newfoundland ; but accomplished little 
more than the erection of a pillar bearing the arms of 
England. 

What befell Gilbert ? 

While returning to England in 1583, Gilbert's ves- 
sel was wrecked, and he with all on board perished. 

What expedition did Raleigh send in 1584? 

Sir Walter Raleigh (raw'-le), not disheartened by the 
sad fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from 
Elizabeth an ample patent, and sent two vessels under 
the command of Am'-i-das and Bar'-low. 

Wliat v:as the result ? 

The voyagers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visit- 
ed the islands in Pamlico and Albemarle sounds, took 
possession of the country in the name of Elizabeth, 
and after trafficking with the natives, returned to Eng- 
land. 

How did their account affect the Queen ? 

Such a glowing account did they give of the coun- 
try, that Queen Elizabeth declared the event to be 
the most glorious in her reign ; and in memorial of her 
unmarried state, she named the regions Virginia. 



20 ROANOKE SETTLED. 

What did Raleigh aftencard do f 

Raleigh sent two colonies to America ; one, in 1585, 
and the other, in 1587. 

What colony did he send in 1585 ? 

The colony sent in 1585, consisted of one hundred 
and eight persons, with Ralph Lane, as Governor, 
conveyed by a fleet of seven vessels, under the com- 
mand of Sir Richard Grenville. 

To what place did the colonists go ? 

The colonists proceeded to Roanoke, an island on the 
coast of Carolina, where they commenced a settlement. 

What became of them? 

After a year of distress, they all embarked for Eng- 
land with Sir Francis Drake, who had stopped at 
Roanoke, on his way from the West Indies. 

What can you say of Raleigh's second, colony? 

Raleigh's second colony, sent in 1587, was composed 
of agriculturists and artisans, with their families. They 
reached Roanoke, and there commenced building " the 
city of Raleigh." 

Wliatwas their fate? 

John White, the governor, went to England for 
reinforcements and supplies ; when he returned, after 
an absence of nearly three years, Roanoke was desert- 
ed, and no trace of the colonists could be found. 

What attempt at settlement was next made ? 

The next attempt after Raleigh's to plant an English colony in 
America, was made by Bartholomew Gosnold, in 1602. 

What can you say of it ? 

Gosnold landed on one of the Elizabeth islands, off Rhode Island, 
where he selected a position for a settlement, and built a storehouse 
and fort. 

What further account can you give of the attempt ? 

The persons selected to remain, becoming alarmed at the menaces of 
the Indians, and at the want of supplies, the design was abandoned, 
and the whole party returned to England. 



PLYMOUTH COMPANY. 21 

What discoveries did Gosnold make ? 

Grosnold discovered the promontory which he called 
Cape Cod; also Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and 
the group known as the Elizabeth islands. 

What reports did Gosnold give of the country? 

Gosnold made such favorable reports of the country, that the mer- 
chants of Bristol were induced to tit out two vessels, under the com- 
mand of Martin Pring, for a voyage of exploration and trade. 

IIoxo did Pring succeed f 

In 1603, Pring explored the shores and several large rivers of Maine, 
and examined the coast as far south as Martha's Vineyard. After 
trafficking with the natives, he returned to England. 

What can you say of a second voyage made by the same navigator ? 
In 1606, Pring repeated his first voyage to America, and made a 
more accurate survey of Maine. 

Wliat division of North America ivas made by royal power, in 1 606 f 

James L, king of England, divided that part of 

North America, between the 3-ith and 45th degrees of 

north latitude, into two divisions ; calling the northern, 

North Virginia, and the southern, South Virginia. 

How did he dispose of the northern division ? 

He granted the northern division, to an association 
of " knights, gentlemen, and merchants of the west 
of England," called the Plymouth {jplim'-uth) Com- 
pany. 

How did he dispose of the southern division f 

He granted the^southern division to an association 
of " noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants in and about 
London," called the London Company. 

What attempt did the Plymouth Company make to form a settlement? 

In 1607, the Plymouth Company sent a number of 
planters, who began a settlement at the mouth of the 
Kennebec river, in Maine. 

What xo as the result of the attempt ? 

The intense cold of the winter, the destruction of 
their storehouse by fire, and the death of their pres- 



22 LONDON COMPANY. 

ident, George Popham, discouraged them; and they 
returned to England. 

Hcvj large an expedition was sent by the London Company f 

The London Company sent a fleet of three vessels, 
carrying one hundred and five colonists. 

Who commanded the fleet ? 

The fleet was commanded by Christopher Newport. 

What happened during the voyage ? 

During the long voyage of four months, dissensions 
arose among the leading men, and John Smith, whose 
genius had excited their jealousy, was placed in con- 
finement. 

WJiat design of the colonists was frustrated ? 

The design of the colonists was to form a settlement 
on Roanoke ; but a storm carried the vessels farther 
north, into Chesapeake bay. 

To what place did they proceed ? 

They sailed about fifty miles up a large stream which 
they named James river, and selected a place for a 
settlement. 

What did they call their settlement ? 

They called their settlement Jamestown. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1. What memorable event took place in 1492 ? 11 

2. Did Columbus expect to find a new world? 11 

3. What land did he expect to find? 11 

4. What was done by Isabella, queen of Spain? 12 

5. What importance is to be attached to Cat island? 12 

6. Where is Cat island? (See map of the West Indies.) 

1. When and where did Columbus discover the continent ? 12 

P. What great fact did Columbus die in ignorance of? 12 

9. How did it happen that this country was called America?. . 12, 13 



HEVIEW QUESTIONS. 23 

PAGE 

10. By whom and when was the continent of America first discov- 

ered? 13 

11. "When was the eastern coast of North America first explored?. 13 

12. By whom was the exploration made? 13 

13. "What extensive claim to territory did England set up ? 13 

14. Upon what fact did she base her claim ? 13 

15. Who was it that sailed in search of a wonderful fountain? 13 

16. By whom and why was Florida so named ? . . . 13, 14 

17. Give an account of De Ayllon's two expeditions 14 

18. What was the object and result of the expedition under Nar- 

vaez ? 15 

19. Whom did De Soto wish to rival and surpass? 16 

20. By whom and when was the Mississippi discovered? 16 

21. What was the sad fate of De Soto? 16 

22. What exploration was made in 1524? 16 

23. Where did the Huguenots commence settlements? 17 

24. By what motive were they actuated ? 17 

25. What is the history of theirsettlemeut in Florida ? 18 

26. Which is the oldest settlement in the United States? 18 

27. When and by whom was it settled? 18 

28. Give an account of Gilbert's attempts at settlement 19 

29. What attempts were made to settle Roanoke island? 20 

30. By whom was Cape Cod discovered ? 21 

31. What other discoveries were made by Gosnold? 21 

32. What was the origin of the London and Plymouth Companies? 21 

33. Give an account of the Kennebec river settlement 21, 22 

34. How did Jamestown come to be selected for a settlement? 22 

35. Name the navigators that made early voyages and explorations 

in behalf of Spain 12, 13, 14, 15 

36. Those iu behalf of England 13, 19, 20, 21, 22 

37. Those in behalf of France.. 16, 17, 18 



SECTION II. 
Colonial History. 

EXTENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO THE 
COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, IN 1154. 



IP E N N SYLVANI4. Wlimmgttm-^ NEW 

S%\«] OVERS, %^BfT,v ■ 

Alaaindria&> a Jm€ * 1 ? W»^ 







VI CI NTT 
OF 

CHESAPEAKE 



WW fjf/j 

c Chaffs, J 



m: 



What are they ? Where situated ? 

Jamestown? Charles? Williamsburgh? 

Chesapeake? Henry? Chickahominy ? 

Richmond ? James ? Rappahannock ? 

Norfolk ? York ? Y ^rktown ? 



VIRGINIA. 25 



VIRGINIA 



When and where was Virginia first settled? 

The first settlement in Virginia was made in 1607, 
at Jamestown. 

Under what written instrument was Jamestown first governed? 

The Jamestown colony was first governed nnder a 
charter granted by James L, king of England. 

Who were the supreme rulers of the colony? 

The supreme government of the colony was vested 
in a council, resident in England, the members of 
which were appointed by the king. 

In whom was the local government confided? 

The local government was vested in a colonial coun- 
cil, whose members were appointed by the king. 

Of how many and what persons did ffiejirst colonial council consist ? 

The first council at Jamestown consisted of seven 
persons, namely: Edward Wingfield, Bartholomew 
Gosnold, John Smith, Christopher Newport, John 
Ratcliffe, John Martin, and George Kendall. 

Who was the first president of the Jamestown colony ? 

The council chose for their first president, Edward 
Wingfield, an avaricious and unprincipled man. 

How was Smith at first treated by the colonial council ? 
Smith at first was not permitted to take a seat in the council. 
Why teas he not? 

He was excluded from office by his colleagues, on a false charge of 
sedition ; but they were soon compelled to restore him to his station. 

What was the character of the settlers ? 

The most of the settlers were vicious and dissolute. 

How did the colony prosper ? 

At first the Jamestown colony did not prosper. 
The scarcity of provisions, the hostility of the natives, 
the want of industrial habits among the colonists, and 
3 



26 VIRGINIA. 

sickness which carried to the grave fifty men in less 
than four months, proved nearly fatal to the existence 
of the colony. 

What distinguished man was among the victims of death ? 

Bartholomew Gosnold, the projector of the settle- 
ment, and a man whose influence had greatly contrib- 
uted to promote harmony in the council, was among 
those who died. 

What grave charge ivas made against Wingfield ? 

Wingfield, the president, was charged with embez- 
zling the public stores and converting them to his own 
use. 

What change was soon after made in the council? 

Wingfield and Kendall were expelled from the 
council, for being concerned in a plot to abandon the 
settlement and escape to the West Indies in a vessel 
belonging to the colony. 

Who succeeded Wingfield in the presidency ? 

Ratcliffe, a man of neither judgment nor industry, 
was chosen president to succeed Wingfield. 

Who, in consequence of Ratcliffe^ s unfitness, managed the affairs of the 
colony ? 

The management of affairs, in consequence of the 
inefficiency of Ratcliffe, fell into the hands of Captain 
John Smith. 

What did Smith accomplish f 

By his enterprise and courage, Smith soon estab- 
lished order, and pacified the natives, from whom he 
procured large supplies of provisions. 

What expeditions did he make t 

Smith made several expeditions into the country, 
some for provisions, and others for exploration. 

What explorations did he make? 

He ascended the James and Chickahominy rivers, 



VIRGINIA. 27 

as far as he could in boats ; and explored Chesapeake 
bay with its tributary streams. 

What befell him on his expedition up the Chickahominy ? 

Leaving his boat with four companions, he struck 
into the wilderness : while engaged in shooting- game, 
he was surrounded by three hundred Indians, and 
after a desperate struggle was captured. 

Where did the Indians take Smith ? 

The Indians conducted Smith in triumph through 
the country, showing him to the various tribes on the 
Rappahannock and Potomac rivers, and then took him 
to a chief dwelling near the fork of the York river. 

What did the chief do with Smith? 

After detaining him for three days, the chief sent 
Smith to Powhatan, an Indian chief then residing in 
what is now Gloucester county, on York river, Vir- 
ginia. 

What can you tell of Powhatan's power? 

Powhatan was the principal chief or "emperor of the country:" his 
subjects numbered about eight thousand. 

What sentence was pronounced against Smith ? 

The Indian warriors met in council, and after a long 
and solemn consultation, determined that Smith should 
be put to death. 

Bow was his life saved ? 

Smith was bound, and his head placed upon a large 
stone that he might be killed with clubs ; but just as 
the weapons were raised, Po-ca-hon'-tas the beloved 
daughter of Powhatan, a child only twelve years old, 
rushed forward, clasped the captive's head in her arms, 
and begged that his life might be spared. Her gener- 
ous and heroic conduct touched her father's heart, 
and the sentence was revoked. 

What did Powhatan then do ? 

Powhatan set Smith at liberty, and gave him an 
escort of twelve men to conduct him to Jamestown. 



28 VIRGINIA. 

How long had Smith been from Jamestown? 
Smith readied Jamestown after an absence of seven weeks. 
In what condition did he find the colony ? 

He found every thing in disorder. The colony was reduced to forty 
men, the strongest of whom were preparing to quit the country. 

What did Smith succeed in doing ? 

Smith soon repressed the attempt at desertion, and restored order to 
the colony. 

Of what advantage did Smith'' s captivity prove to the colony? 

Smith by liis captivity, gained a knowledge of the 
language and manners of the Indians, and of their coun- 
try and its resources, which enabled him to establish a 
peaceful intercourse between the English and the tribes 
of Powhatan. 

To what position was Smith formally chosen ? 

Ratcliffe, the president, having been deposed, Smith 
was formally chosen in his place. 

What accessions were made to the colony in 1608 ? 
Newport made two voyages to Jamestown in 1608, bringing in the 
first, one hundred and twenty emigrants; in the second, about seventy. 

What iv as the character of the emigrants brought by Newport ? 
They were chiefly gentlemen and goldsmiths, who, in spite of Smith's 
remonstrances, gave a wrong direction to the industry of the colony. 

When and why did the London Company obtain a second charter? 

In 1609, the London Company, in consequence of 
not having realized their anticipations from the James- 
town colony, sought and obtained a new charter, which 
gave them more ample privileges. 

Who was appointed governor ? 

Lord Delaware, distinguished for his virtues as well 
as his rank, was appointed governor for life. 

Whom did the company dispatch to America? 

Christopher Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir 
George Somers were dispatched to America, with a 
fleet of nine vessels containing more than five hun- 
dred emigrants. 



VIRGINIA. 29 

What authority was delegated by the company? 

Newport, Gates, and Somers were appointed com- 
missioners, authorized to administer the affairs of the 
colony till the arrival of Lord Delaware. 

What happened to the fleet? 

While on the passage, a severe storm dispersed 
the fleet. The vessel bearing the commissioners was 
wrecked on one of the Bermuda islands, one small ves- 
sel foundered, and the other seven reached the James 
river in safety. 

What did Smith do upon the arrival of the seven vessels ? 

Considering that no persons had yet arrived au- 
thorized to supersede him, Smith maintained his po- 
sition as president, until, having been severely injured 
by an explosion of gunpowder, he was compelled to 
return to England for surgical aid. 

Whom did Smith leave in authority ? 

Smith delegated his power to George Percy, brother of the Duke of 
Northumberland. 

What occurred after Smith's departure? 

The colonists soon gave themselves up to idleness 
and vice, the Indians became hostile, and the horrors 
of famine ensued. 

What arrival at Jamestown occurred several months after Smith's de- 
parture ? 

The commissioners whose ship had been wrecked 
at the Bermudas, reached Virginia about the middle 
of 1610, by means of two rude vessels which they had 
constructed. 

In what condition did they find the colony? 

Indolence, vice, and famine, had, in six months, 
reduced the colony of five hundred persons to sixty. 

By what name was that period in the history of the colony known? 

The period of distress and gloom which existed in 
the Jamestown colony in 1610, was long remembered 
as "the starving time." 



30 VIRGINIA. 

What determination was made in view of continued distress f 

In consequence of the distress to which the colo- 
nists were reduced, and of the gloomy prospects ahead, 
it was determined to desert Jamestown entirely, and 
seek safety among the English fishermen at Newfound- 
land. 

What followed? 

In four vessels the dejected colonists embarked ; but 
as they drew near the mouth of the river, Lord Del- 
aware appeared with emigrants and supplies, and 
persuaded them to return. 

What can you say of Lord Delaware's administration ? 

Under the wise administration of Lord Delaware, 
order and contentment prevailed, and security and 
affluence were fast returning. 

What ivas he compelled to do ? 

In consequence of ill-health, he was soon compelled 
to leave the administration with George Percy, and 
return to England. 

Who succeeded Lord Delaware ? 

Lord Delaware was succeeded by Sir Thomas Gates. 

What important event took place in 1612 ? 

The London Company, in 1612, obtained a third 
charter. 

What was the favorable peculiarity of the charter ? 

The new charter allowed the London Company to 
hold meetings for the transaction of business, thus 
giving to the company a democratic form of govern- 
ment. 

What important event took place in 1613 f 

John Kolfe {rolf), a young Englishman, was married 
to Pocahontas. 

What good effect did the marriage have upon the colony ? 

The marriage had the effect of establishing a con- 



VIRGINIA. 31 

firmed peace with Powhatan, as well as with the pow- 
erful Chick-a-hom'-i-ny Indians. 

What further account can you give of Pocahontas 1 ? 

Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas accom- 
panied her husband to England, where at the end of a 
year she died, leaving a son from whom are descended 
many well-known families in Virginia. 

What claim as regards colonization was set up by the governor of Yir- 
ginia ? 

The governor of Virginia claimed for the English 
the right of colonizing the coast of North America to 
the latitude of forty -five degrees. 

What expeditions were made by reason of the claim ? 

Two expeditions from Virginia were made by Sam- 
uel Argall, in 1613. 

What can you say of the two expeditions ? 

Argall destroyed French settlements in Maine and 
Acadia ; and entered the port of New York to assert 
the sovereignty of England. 

Who succeeded Gates as governor of Virginia f 

Gates was succeeded by Sir Thomas Dale, in 1614. 

Who succeeded Dale ? 

Dale ruled with wisdom and energy for about two 
years, and then embarked for England, having ap- 
pointed George Yeardley (yurd'-le) deputy-governor. 

What can you say of the cultivation of tobacco at thai time ? 

Tobacco began to be cultivated during Yearclley's 
administration ; and, as it gave animation to Virginia 
industry, it eventually became not only the staple, 
but the currency of the colony. 

What power did Argall gain in the colony f 

Under the influence of a faction, Argall was appointed deputy- 
governor of Virginia in 1617 : but his rule was so oppressive that he 
was displaced, and the popular Yeardley was appointed governor in 
1619. 



32 VIRGINIA. 

Wliat event of Yeardlei/s administration marks the dawn of legislative 
liberty in America? 

The colony having been divided into eleven bor- 
oughs, and two burgesses chosen from each, the first 
representative assembly ever convened in America, 
met at Jamestown, in 1619. 

Where, in the English colonies, was negro slavery commenced ? 

The commencement of negro slavery in the English 
colonies, dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 
1620. 

How came slavery to be introduced into Virginia ? 

A Dutch trading vessel entered the James river 
with negroes, twenty of whom were landed and sold 
into perpetual slavery to the planters. 

There was an arrival of young women during that year ; what can 
you tell of it ? 

In 1620, about a hundred young women of good 
reputation, arrived from England, and were married 
to the planters. 

How did each planter get his wife ? 

Each planter gave for his wife one hundred and 
twenty pounds of tobacco, being the price of the 
woman's passage to America. 

What advantage did the colony gain in 1621 ? 

The colony received a written constitution in 1621, which ratified 
most of the acts of Yeardley. 

What appointment was made under the constitution ? 
Sir Francis Wj^att was appointed governor. 
What terrible disaster befell theVirginians in 1622 ? 

The Indians having conspired to exterminate the 
white people, attacked them at mid-day, on the 1st of 
April, 1622, and in one hour massacred about three 
hundred and fifty men, women and children. 

How long did the Indians continue hostile ? 

The hostility of the Indians continued until 1646, 
when a treaty was made with them. 



VIRGINIA. 33 

What second disaster befell the ivhites before the treaty ivas made f 

A second massacre occurred in 1644, when about 
three hundred settlers were killed. 

After the second massacre what course did the whites pursue? 
The whites promptly adopted measures for protection and defence; 
and a war was successfully conducted agaiust the Indians. 

What became of the London Company f 

The London Company was dissolved in 1624, bj 
King James ; and Virginia then became a royal prov- 
ince. 

Why ivas the dissolution effected ? 

The king disliked the freedom of debates at the meetings of the 
Company in London. 

What pretext did he assume for his act ? 

Under the pretext that the disasters of Virginia were the conse- 
quence of the ill government of the Company, the king accomplished 
the dissolution. 

Bow was the colony governed under the Icing ? 

The colony was then governed by a governor and council of twelve 
persons appointed by the king; but no attempts were made to interfere 
with the House of Burgesses. 

What appointment was made in 1G28 ? 

John Harvey, a haughty and unpopular royalist, was appointed 
governor in 1628. 

What can you say of his administration? 

The administration of Harvey was disturbed by violent disputes 
about land titles. 

Who ivas the governor in 1644? 

Sir William Berkeley, an able and elegant courtier, 
was governor in 1644, at the time of the second Indian 
massacre. 

What measure of Parliament touching colonial commerce was passed 
during Berkeley's administration ? 

The celebrated " Navigation Act" of 1651, which 
secured to English ships the entire carrying trade with 
.England, and seriously abridged the freedom of colo- 
nial commerce, was passed by Parliament. 



34 VIEGINIA. 

Who, at the time, was at the head of the English government'? 

Oliver Cromwell was then "Lord Protector of the 
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland." 

What can you say of the enforcement of the " Navigation Act?" 

The act was not at first enforced against Virginia, 
but after its re-enactment in 1660, with new provis 
ions, it was rigorously enforced. 

How did the colonists treat the oppression ? 

The people remonstrated against the act, but with- 
out effect. 

By what other acts were the discontents of the people increased? 

Charles II., king of England, granted to Lord Cul- 
pepper and the Earl of Arlington, "All the dominion 
of land and water called Virginia," for the term of 
thirty-one years. 

Of what other grievances did the Virginians complain ? 

The people were restricted in the elective franchise, 
were required to conform to the doctrines and rituals 
of the church of England, and the taxes levied were 
unequal and oppressive. 

What was the effect upon the people ? 

In consequence of the grievances to which they 
were subjected, a spirit of rebellion broke out among 
the "common people," who wanted but an excuse for 
appearing in arms. 

What excuse was soon offered ? 

An excuse was soon found in the invasion by the 
Susquehannahs. The Indians penetrated Virginia 
from the north, and were carrying desolation and 
death to many a lonely plantation. 

What can you say of the measures for defence? 

Governor Berkeley's measures for defence were very 
inefficient and unsatisfactory to the people. 

What ivas demanded by the people? 

The people demanded permission of the governor 
to arm and protect themselves. 



VIRGINIA. 35 

How was the demand treated? 

The governor refused to grant the permission de- 
manded. 

What was the result? 

A struggle for popular liberty broke out in 1676, 
known as Bacoii's Rebellion. 

What was the first movement of the people ? 

Five hundred men under arms, with Nathaniel Ba- 
con as leader, marched against the Indians, whom 
they met and defeated. 

Wliat course did the governor then pursue ? 

Berkeley issued a proclamation, declaring Bacon and 
his followers rebels. 

Wliat advantages did the people gain? 

The people recovered for a time the rights which 
they formerly enjoyed; but in the midst of their suc- 
cesses, Bacon suddenly died. 

Did they continue to enjoy the advantages gained? 

Bacon's party after his death was soon subdued, 
and the authority of the governor was restored. 

By what act did Berkeley show his spirit of revenge? 

Governor Berkeley caused twenty-two of Bacon's 
followers to be hung; and fines, imprisonments, and 
confiscations disgraced his administration until he was 
recalled by the king, in 1677. 

Who succeeded Berkeley as governor ? 

Berkeley was succeeded by Lord Culpepper, to whom 
and the Earl of Arlington, Virginia had been granted 
in 1673. 

For what period was Culpepper appointed? 

Culpepper's appointment was for life. 

What did the province then become ? 

Virginia then became a proprietary government. 



36 VIRGINIA. 

How long was Culpepper governor 1 ? 

Culpepper was governor till 1684, when, in conse- 
quence of his misrule, the king revoked the grant made 
to him and Arlington, and deprived him of his office. 

Wliat did Virginia then become? 

Virginia, upon the deposition of Culpepper, became 
a royal province, and so continued till The French 
and Indian War. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What settlement was made in 160*7 ? 25 

2. What can you state of the first charter granted to James- 

town ? 25, 28 

3. What was the character of Wingfield ? 25 

4. What account can you give of Wingfield ? 25, 2 G 

5. What of Bartholomew Gosnold ? 26 

6. What of John Ratcliffe? 25, 26, 28 

7. What was the character of Ratcliffe ? 26 

8. Who was the third president of the Jamestown colony? 28 

9. In what capacity had Smith formerly acted? 26 

10. What did Smith do for the colony ? 26, 28 

11. What romantic story can you relate of Smith ? 27 

12. What enabled Smith to establish peaceful relations with the 

Indians ? 28 

13. What can you state of the second charter granted to James- 

town ? , 28, 30 

14. Why was the second charter granted ? 28 

15. What account can you give of Lord Delaware? 28. 30 

16. What of Christopher Newport ? 22, 25, 28 

17. What of Sir Thomas Gates ? 28, 29, 30, 31 

18. What compelled Smith to leave the colony? 29 

19. What was the consequence of his absence? 29 

20. Give an account of the "starving time." 29, 30 

21. At what opportune moment did Lord Delaware arrive? 30 

22. How did the colony prosper while Delaware was governor?. . . 30 

23. What compelled Delaware to leave the colony ? 30 



KEVIEW QUESTIONS. 37 

pag a 

24. "When was the third charter granted to Virginia? 30 

25. What can you say in favor of the third charter? 3Q 

26. What accouut can you give of Pocahontas ? 27, 30, 3 L 

27. What claim gave Argall authority for his expedition ? 32 

28. Give some account of his two expeditions 31 

29. What can you state of the early cultivation of tobacco ? 31 

30. With tobacco as the currency, what important purchases were 

made ? 32 

31. What can you state of the first representative assembly in 

America ? 32 

32. Give an account of the introduction of negro slavery at James- 

town ? 32 

33. Give an account of the massacre of 1622 32 

34. Give an account of the massacre of 1644 33 

35. Give the history of the London Company 21, 22, 28, 30, 33 

36. What can you state of the " Navigation Act ?" 33, 34 

37. What grant was made to Culpepper and Arlington ? 34 

38. What causes operated to produce a spirit of rebellion among 

the people of Virginia during Berkeley's administration?. . . 34 

39. What act relating to commerce was one of the causes ? 33 

40. What grant made by the king was another? 34 

41. Name the three other causes , 34 

42. How did the rebellion actually commence ? 34, 35 

43. By what name is that rebellion known ? 35 

44. What proclamation was issued by Berkeley ? 35 

45. What temporary advantages resulted from the rebellion? 35 

46. What rights had the people formerly enjoyed? 32, 34 

47. What loss followed the death of Bacon ? 35 

48. What befell twenty of Bacon's followers? 35 

49. What grant was made of Virginia in 1673 ? 35 

50. What account can you give of Lord Culpepper? 35, 36 

4 



38 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM ITS SETTLEMENT IN 1G20, TO THE UNION OF NEW ENGLAND 
COLONIES, IN 1643. 




MASSACHUSETTS BAY 

tratflaboro 



. Jjllt-.~Wac7iUJsr : it 






HARTFORD 

C (i 3fJTE C(TI ClTla 




"Worcester^ 






„, , ,-fV - Scal e oflV lih 



PF/ia* are tfiey ? POere situated? 



Plymouth? 
Boston ? 
Salem? 
Ann? 



Swanzey? 
Lexington ? 
Concord? 
Danvers ? 



Newburyport ? 
Merrimac ? 

Xew Bedford? 
Elizabeth? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 39 

When did Captain Julia Smith make his second voyage to America? 

Captain John Smith made his second voyage to 
America in 1614. 

What explorations did he then make? 

He examined the shores from the Penobscot to Cape 
Cod, prepared a map of the coast, and named the 
country New England. 

By what act ivas the lustre of the expedition dimmed f 

Thomas Hunt, who commanded one of the two vessels of the expe- 
dition, kidnapped twenty-four Indians, and sailing for Spain, sold them 
into slavery. 

What befell Smith in the following year? 

After his success in 1614, Smith made two unsuccessful attempts to 
reach Xew England. In the first a violent storm forced him to return ; 
in the second, he suffered from the treachery of his companions, and 
was captured by French pirates. 

Uuio did he escape ? 

Taking advantage of a storm, and the darkness of night, he escaped 
alone in an open boat. 

Where do we next hear of Smith? 

Upon his arrival in England, he made favorable representations of 
New England, and endeavored to awaken an interest in the .subject of 
settling the country. 

What effect did his representations have upon the Plymouth Company? 

Smith's representations induced the Plymouth Company to form vast 
plans of colonization, and confer upon him the title of Admiral of Xew 
England. 

Wliat vast grant did James I. of England make in 1G20? 

To a company of forty of the most wealthy and pow- 
erful men in his realm, King James granted, absolutely 
and exclusively, all the territory between the 40th and 
48th parallels of north latitude, extending from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific. 

By what name was the Company known ? 

The company assumed the title of The Council of 

Plymouth. 

What company did it take the place of ? 

It represented the original Plymouth Company. 



40 MASSACHUSETTS. 

When and by whom was the first permanent settlement made in New 
England? 

The first permanent settlement made in New Eng- 
land was on the 21st of December, 1620, by a band 
of Pilgrims. 

Was the settlement made under the direction of the Council of Plymouth? 

It was made without the knowledge of the Council 
of Plymouth, and without the aid of King James. 

Who were the Pilgrims? 

The Pilgrims were dissenters from the church of 
England, who had fled to Holland to avoid the perse- 
cutions to which they were subjected in their own 
country, on account of their religious opinions. 

By what name were they called in their own country ? 

They were known in England as Puritans. 

To what place in Holland did they go? 

They settled first at Amsterdam, in Holland, and 
afterward at Leyden (li'-den), where, under the pas- 
toral care of John Robinson, they lived in great har- 
mony for eleven years. 

Why did they wish to remove to America ? 

From various causes they became dissatisfied with 
their residence in Holland, and desired to plant a col- 
ony in America, where undisturbed they might enjoy 
their civil and religious rights. 

What grant did they obtain ? 

After much solicitation, in 1619 they obtained a 
grant of land from the London Company. 

What contract did they enter into? 

They formed a contract with some London merchants who furnished 
the capital for the expedition. 

What vessels did they procure ? 

They procured two vessels — the Mayflower and the 
Speedwell. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 41 

What can you say of the embarkation of the Pilgrims ? 

As many as could be accommodated embarked on 
board the Speedwell ; but the larger portion remained 
at Ley den with Eobinson. 

To what place did the Speedwell sail? 

The Speedwell sailed to Southampton, England, 
where she was joined by the Mayflower with a body 
of Puritans from London. 

What can you say of the sailing of the two vessels? 

The two vessels sailed from Southampton, but the 
Speedwell needing repairs, they entered the port of 
Dartmouth, England. 

Did they sta/rt again? 

They started a second time, but put back to Plym- 
outh, where the Speedwell was abandoned as unsea- 
worthy. 

How many persons were carried to America? 

The Mayflower carried to America one hundred and 
one men, women, and children. 

Who were the most distinguished of them ? 

The most distinguished of the Mayflower's passen- 
gers were John Carver, William Brewster, Miles Stan- 
dish, William Bradford, and Edward Winslow. 

Where did the Puritans of the Mayflower intend to settle ? 

The Puritans intended to settle near the Hudson, 
within the limits of New Netherlands. 

Why did they not? 

When they reached Cape Coel, the winter had already 
set in, and they therefore determined to seek a nearer 
resting-place, rather than incur the dangers of naviga- 
tion on an unknown coast at that inclement season. 

At what place did they land? 

They landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on the 
21st of December, 1620; and there made their settle- 
ment — the first in New England. 
4* 



42 MASSACHUSETTS. 

Before landing, what com/pact did they enter into ? 

In the cabin of the Mayflower they agreed to and 
signed a form of government, and chose John Carver 
governor for one year. 

What is said of their sufferings at Plymouth? 

The winter was severe ; and in less than five months 
after they landed, nearly half of their number died from 
the effects of exposure and privation, Governor Carver 
and his wife being among the departed. 

What treaty was formed with the Indians? 

A treaty of friendship was made with Massasoit 
(mas-sas' -so-it), chief of the Wampanoags {wom-pa-no'- 
ags), which was sacredly kept for more than fifty years*, 

By whom was the peace of the colony threatened? 

Ca-non'-i-cus, chief of the Nar-ra-gan'-setts, threat- 
ened to make war upon the colony, but he was com- 
pelled to sue for peace. 

Who was elected the second governor of Plymouth? 

Carver was succeeded as governor by William Brad- 
ford, who for thirty years continued to be a prominent 
man in the history of the colony. 

How long did the compact between the London merchants and the Plym- 
outh colonists continue ? 

For seven years the partnership with the London merchants contin- 
ued as agreed, when the rights of the merchants being purchased, the 
property was equally divided among the colonists, and prosperity and 
conteutment soon appeared. 

What settlement was made in Massachusetts eight years after the onz at 
Plymouth ? 

In 1628, a settlement was made at Salem by about 
one hundred persons, mostly Puritans, under the charge 
of John En'-di-cott. 

For whom was Endicott acting ? 

Endicott had been sent by a company of gentlemen, 
proprietors of a tract of land purchased of the Council 
of Plymouth. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 43 

By what name teas the company afterward incorporated? 

Charles I. having granted a charter to the proprie- 
tors in 1629, they were incorporated as "The Gover- 
nor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New Eng- 
land." 

What accessions did the Massachusetts Bay Colony receive in the follow- 
ing year? 

In 1630, about two hundred persons arrived, a part 
of whom settled at Charlestown. 

What important change was made in regard to the government of the 
colony? 

The government of the colony was transferred from 
the company in England, to the colonists. 
What ivas the effect of the change ? 

The change induced men of fortune and intelligence 
to emigrate ; among them John Winthrop, who was 
chosen governor. 

Who came from England with Winthrop? 

Governor Winthrop was accompanied to New Eng- 
land by about three hundred families, mostly Puritans. 

When and where did they settle? 

They settled at Boston and adjacent places, in 1630. 

What- can you say of their sufferings? 

They suffered much from exposure and privations, 
and many died. 

What intolerance did they manifest ? 

They banished Roger Williams from their colony, 
on account of his religious opinions. 

What accession was made to the colony in 1635 ? 

In 1635, at least three thousand persons were added to the Massa- 
chusetts Bay Colony, among whom were Hugh Peters and Henry Vane, 
two men who afterward became distinguished in the history of Eng- 
land. 

To what office in the colony icas Vane chosen ? 
Vane was chosen governor. 



44 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

What excitement prevailed during Vane's administration? 

During Vane's administration a great deal of excitement was caused 
by a Mrs. Hutchinson, who persisted in holding meetings of her own 
sex, and promulgating peculiar views, which, in a general synod of the 
church, were condemned as seditious and heretical. 

By whom was she encouraged in her course ? 

She was supported by Governor Vane, several magistrates, and a 
majority of the leading men of Boston. 

What final action was taken in the case ? 

The civil magistrates finally issued a decree of banishment against 
Mrs. Hutchinson and several of her followers. 

What ioas done in the colony for education as early as 1636 ? 
In 1636, the ''General Court" at Boston appropriated about two 
thousand dollars for the purpose of founding a public school or college. 

What was done two years after ? 

In 1638, the Rev. John Harvard bequeathed upward of three thou- 
sand dollars to the institution, which, in honor of the benefactor, was 
named Harvard College. 

Where is Harvard College located ? 

The college is located at Cambridge, about three miles from Boston. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

What are they ? Where situated ? 

(To be answered from the map, page 38.) 

Little Harbor ? Dover? Merrimac? 

Portsmouth? Exeter? Piscataqua? 

When and where was New Hampshire first settled? 

New Hampshire was first settled in 1623, at Little 
Harbor, near Portsmouth, and at Dover. 

By whom? 

The settlements were made by emigrants sent by 
Ferdinand G-orges (gor'-jes) and John Mason. 

In whom was vested the title to the land ? 

In 1622, Gorges and Mason obtained of the Council 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 45 

of Plymouth, a grant of land extending from the 
Merrimac to the Kennebec, and named it Laconia. 

What pterchase was made of the Indians? 

The Rev. John Wheelwright purchased of the In- 
dians, all the country between the Merrimac and the 
Pis-cat'-a-qua. 

What did Mason obtain soon after ? 

Mason afterward obtained a grant, in his own name 
alone, of the country purchased by Wheelwright ; and 
it then received the name of New Hampshire. 

How was the country at first governed ? 

It was divided among several proprietors, and, till 
16-11, each settlement was governed separately. 

By ichat act did the separate existence of each cease ? 

Iii 1611, the settlements united, and placed them- 
selves under the protection of Massachusetts. 

How long did they enjoy the protection ? 

They enjoyed the protection for nearly forty years. 

What change took place in 1680 ? 

By order of the king, New Hampshire was sepa- 
rated from Massachusetts in 1680, and became a royal 
province, 

What troubles annoyed the colonists ? 

The claims of the heirs of Mason proved a source 
of anno}' ance to the colonists. 

How were the troubles terminated? 

The heirs, by relinquishing all the unoccupied por- 
tions of the province, terminated the troubles growing 
out of the land-claims. 

What other troubles did the people have? 

The people suffered from the incursions of the In- 
dians during King Philip's War, and in consequence 
of wars between England and France. 

What can you say of the attach itpon Dover ? 

During King William's War, a party of Indians at- 



46 



CONNECTICUT. 



tacked Dover, killed twenty-one persons, and carried 
twenty-nine captives to Canada. 

With what is the colonial history of New Hampshire connected f 

The colonial history of New Hampshire is closely 
connected with that of Massachusetts. 

How was it connected? 

During several periods, embracing the greater por- 
tion of their colonial existence, the two colonies were 
united under one jurisdiction. 



CONNECTICUT. 




What are they t Where situated ? 
Windsor? New London? .Housatonic? 

Hartford? New Haven? Thames? 

Saybrook? Wetbersfield? Danbuiy? 



CONNECTICUT. 47 

When and where ivas Connecticut first settled ? 

Connecticut was settled in 1633, at Windsor, on the 
Connecticut river. 

By whom ? 

The settlement was made by Captain William Holmes, 
and a company from Plymouth. 

What fort did they pass be/ore reaching the site of Windsor ? 

Sailing up the Connecticut, before reaching the site 
of Windsor, they passed a fort which the Dutch of New 
York had erected to prevent the English from ascend- 
in 2f the river. 

o 

What accessions were made to the colony two years after ? 

In 1636, a company of sixty men, women, and chil- 
dren, journeyed from Massachusetts through the wil- 
derness, and settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Weth- 
ersfield. 

Wliat colony ivas established at the mouth of the Connecticut? 

The colony of Saybrook, so named in honor of Lord 
Say-and-Seal, and Lord Brooke, was established at the 
mouth of the Connecticut. 

Which was one of the most important migrations to Connecticut ? 

The migration conducted by the Kev. Thomas Hook- 
er in 1636, was one of the most important to Connec- 
ticut. 

What account can you give of it? 

Mr. Hooker, with about a hundred persons, departed 
from the vicinity of Boston, and, after a toilsome jour- 
ney through swamps and forests, arrived in the valley 
of the Connecticut. 

Where did the company settle f 

The greater portion of the company settled at Hart- 
ford. 

What troubles did the colonists have with the Indians at that time f 

The Pequods, a tribe of Indians inhabiting the south- 



48 CONNECTICUT. 

east part of Connecticut, committed many acts of hos- 
tility, and sought an alliance with the Narragansetts, 
in an effort to exterminate the colonists. 

Was the alliance effected ? 

Throuo;h the exertions of Eo^er Williams, the alii- 
ance with the Narragansetts was prevented. 

What measure was adopted against the Pequods? 

In 1637, a court summoned at Hartford formally 
declared war against the Pequods. 

What force went against the Pequods? 

Captain Mason, with eighty colonists, and four or 
five hundred Indians from the Mohegan, Narragan- 
sett, and other tribes, proceeded against the Pequods. 

What place did they attack? 

They attacked the chief fort and village of the Pe- 
quods, situated on the Mystic river, eight miles north- 
east of New London. 

What ivas the result of the attack? 

The fort and wigwams were burned, and more than 
six hundred men, women, and children, perished by 
fire, or were slain. 

What further history can you give of the Pequods? 

The Pequods never recovered from the effects of 
their great loss. The survivors, two hundred in num- 
ber, surrendered in despair, and were sold into slavery, 
or were incorporated with other tribes. 

What other colony, beside those on the Connecticut river, was established 
in Connecticut ? 

i In 1638, after the Pequod Wwc"The New Haven Col- 
ony" was established by a body of Puritans, under the 
guidance of the Kev. John Davenport, and Theophilus 
Eaton. 

For ivhat was the colony remarkable ? 

The New Haven colony was remarkable for the religious spirit that 
marked its laws. 



CONNECTICUT. 49 

Who was the first governor t 

The first governor was Eaton ; and he was annually elected for 
twenty years, until his death. 

How many and what colonies had been established in Connecticut t 
Three colonies had been established in Connecticut : the Connecticut 

colony, embracing "Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersiield ; the Saybrook 

colony ; and the New Haven colony. 

What important step was taken by the Connecticut colony 1 ? 

The people of the Connecticut colony met at Hart- 
ford, antl adopted a constitution, which, for more than 
a century and a half, underwent but little alteration. 

What became of the Saybrook colony ? 

The Saybrook colony was purchased of John Fen wick, one of the 
proprietors, and united with the Connecticut colony. 

What union of the Connecticut colonies took place in 1665 ? 

The colonies on the Connecticut were united with 
New Haven in 1665, under a royal charter granted by 
Charles II., king of England. 

What can you say of the character of the charter ? 

The charter was exceedingly liberal, and confirmed 
in every particular the constitution adopted by the 
people at Hartford. 

What attempt was subsequently made to deprive Connecticut of her 
charter 1 

Andros, who had been appointed royal governor 
of all New England, appeared before the Connecticut 
Assembly, in session at Hartford, and demanded the 
surrender of the charter. 

What followed? 

A discussion arose which was protracted till eve- 
ning, when the charter was brought in and laid upon 
the table : just as Andros was stepping forward to 
take it, the lights were suddenly extinguished. When 
the candles were relighted, the charter could not be 
found. 

What had become of it ? 

It had been carried away by Captain "Wadsworth, 
5 



50 EHODE ISLAND. 

and hid in the hollow of a tree, afterward known as 
the Charter Oak. 

What course did Andros then pursue f 

Andros assumed the government, and administered it in his own 
name until he was seized at Boston, in 1G89, and sent to England. 

What did the people do then ? 

The people received the charter from its hiding-place, and Connecti- 
cut again assumed her position as an independent colony. 

What account can you give of an encroachment attempted several years 
after ? 

Colonel Fletcher, governor of New York, holding a commission vest- 
ing in him the command of the militia of Connecticut, undertook to en- 
force his authority. 

What further can you say of the attempt ? 

The people repelled the attempt ; and Fletcher, greatly chagrined, 
returned to New York. 



EHODE ISLAND. 

What are they? Where situated? 

(To be answered from the map, page 38.) 

Providence? Blackstone? Mount Hope? Newport? 

When and where was Rhode Island settled f 

Ehode Island was settled in 1636, at Providence. 

By whom ? 

Roger Williams, who had been banished from Mas- 
sachusetts, was the founder of Ehode Island. 

How did he get possession of the lands ? 

The lands were ceded to him by the chiefs of the 
Narragansetts. 

What name did he give to his settlement ? 

He called his settlement Providence, to commemo- 
rate " God's merciful providence to him in his distress." 



EHODE ISLAND. 51 

Did Providence prosper? 

The great freedom enjoyed at Providence in civil 
and religious matters, induced emigrants to settle there. 

What can you say of the government of the colony f 

The colony was governed by rules made by a major- 
ity of the inhabitants. 

What settlement beside Providence was at an early day made in Rhode 
Island? 

William Coddington and eighteen others, being persecuted in Massa- 
chusetts on account of their religious opinions, accepted an invitation 
from Williams, and settled on the island of Rhode Island. 

What general names were given to the two settlements of Rhode Island? 
The settlement of Providence was known as Providence Plantation; 
that of the island, as Rhode Island Plantation. 

To what as regards jurisdiction did the two plantations object? 
The two plantations objected to being considered as under the juris- 
diction of Massachusetts or Plymouth. 

What did they seek in view of the claim set up by Massachusetts and 
Plymouth ? 

The two plantations sought an independent charter. 

Did they obtain one ? 

Through the exertions of Williams, they obtained from Parliament 
a free charter of incorporation. 

What union did the charter establish? 

It united the two plantations under one government, as the Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantations. 

When did Rhode Island obtain a second charter ? 
When Charles II. ascended the throne of England, Rhode Island 
obtained a new charter highly democratic in all its features. 

When voere the operations of the new charter suspended ? 

When Andros, the petty tyrant, assumed the government of the 
New England colonies, the operations of the charter were for a time 
suspended. 



52 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1. By whom was the New England coast explored in 1614 39 

2. How far did the exploration extend ? 39 

3. How did New England get its name ? 39 

4. Of whom was the " Council of Ptymouth" composed ? 39 

5. From whom did they receive a grant ? 39 

6. What were the boundaries of the territory granted? 39 

7. When was Massachusetts first settled ? 40 

8. By whom was the settlement made ? 40 

9. What country were the Pilgrims natives of? 40 

10. Where were they known as Puritans? 40 

11. To what country did they first flee ? 40 

12. Why did they flee to Holland ? 40 

13. To what place in Holland did they first go? 40 

14. To what place did they afterward go ? 40 

15. How long did they remain at Leyden ? 40 

16. Under whose care were they there ? 40 

17. What induced them to leave Holland ? 40 

18. What two vessels did the Pilgrims procure ? 40 

19. On which vessel did they embark from Leyden? 41 

20. Whom did the Speedwell leave at Leyden ? 41 

21. From what place in England did the two vessels first start?. . . 41 

22. From what place did they make their second start? 41 

23. Which of the vessels made the voyage alone? 41 

24. Why did not the Speedwell accompany the Mayflower? 41 

25. How many persons did the Mayflower bring to America? 41 

26. Name five of the most distinguished of them 41 

27. Where did the Pilgrims intend to settle ? 41 

28. In what season of the year did they reach America ? 41 

29. In consequence of its being winter, what did they determine on? 41 

30. Where did they land ? 41 

31. What name did they give to the place? 41 

32. What is the name of the place in England from which they took 

their final departure ? 41 

33. How does the Plymouth settlement rank in age, among the set- 

tlements of New England ? 41 

34. Where were the Pilgrims when they agreed to their form of gov- 

ernment for Plymouth ? 42 

35. Who was the first governor of the Plymouth colony? 42 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 53 



PAGE 



36. For how long a term was Carver chosen governor ? 42 

37. What occurred before the year expired ? 42 

38. By whom was Carver succeeded in office? 42 

39. Who was Massasoit? 42 

40. In what way did he show his friendship toward the whites?.. . 42 

41. What can you say of a threat made by Canonicus? 42 

42. What can you say of a settlement made by Endicott? 42 

43. What was the origin of the incorporation known as " The Gover- 

nor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New England ?" 42, 43 

44. What induced men of fortune, &c, to join the colonists? 43 

45. To what position was John Winthrop chosen? 43 

46. When and by whom was Boston settled ? 43 

47. What intolerance was shown toward Roger Williams? 43 

48. To what place did Williams then go ? 50 

49. What service did Williams render to Connecticut ? 48 

50. Where were settlements made in 1623 ? 44 

51. What agency had Gorges and Mason in settling New Hampshire ? 44 

52. What territory was called Laconia ? 45 

53. By whom was it so called? 44, 45 

54. By what right did they name the territory? 44, 45 

55. How did Wheelwright interfere with their claim? 45 

56. How was New Hampshire governed till 1641 ? 45 

57. How was it governed for the next forty years? 45 

58. What can you tell of the claims of Mason's heirs? 45 

59. During what war was Dover attacked ? 45, 46 

60. What settlement was made in 1633 ? 47 

61. From what place did the Windsor settlers come? 47 

62. What can you say of a fort on the Connecticut? 47 

63. Where was the Saybrook colony established ? 47 

64. In whose honor was it named ? 47 

65. Give an account of Mr. Hooker's migration 47 

66. Who were the Pequods? 47, 48 

67. Give an account of the Pequod War 47, 48 

68. When and by whom was the New Haven colony established ? . 48 

69. What demand did Andros make of the Connecticut Assembly? 49 

70. How was his demand treated ? 49 

71. Give the history of the Connecticut charter 49, 50 

72. What settlement was made in 1636 ? 50 

73. How did Williams commemorate God's providence? 50 

74. What induced emigration to Providence ? 51 

5* 



54 MASSACHUSETTS. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM THE UNION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643, TO 
"THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR." 

What union of New England colonies was formed in 1 643 ? 

Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New 
Haven formed a Union in 1643, for mutual protection 
against the encroachments of the Dutch and French, 
and for security against the hostility of the Indians. 

Why did not Rhode Island join in the confederacy f 

Ehode Island was refused admittance into the Union, 
because she would not consent to be incorporated with 
Plymouth, and lose her separate existence. 

How were the affairs of the confederation managed f 
The general affairs of the Union were managed by a board of Com- 
missioners, consisting of two from each colony. 

How long did the Union continue ? 

The Union continued nearly fifty years. 

What accessions did Massachusetts receive to her jurisdiction ? 
The settlements of New Hampshire were united to the jurisdiction 
of Massachusetts, in 1641, and those of Maine in 1652. 

With what "people" did the colonists have trouble ? 

" The people called Quakers" were a source of much 
trouble to the colonists. 

How long did the troubles continue ? 

The troubles continued from 1656, the date of the 
first arrival of Quakers from England, to 1661. 

What was done with those who arrived in 1656 ? 

Those who arrived first were sent back to England. 

What can you say of a law in relation to Quakers t 

A law was passed prohibiting the introduction of 
Quakers into the colony. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 55 

Wliai was the effect of the law ? 

The law did not accomplish the effect intended. 
Opposition increased the zeal of the Quakers, and they 
came in large numbers. 

How were they treated ? 

Many were banished, and others met persecution in 
various forms. 

What atrocious law ioas then passed? 

A law was then passed, decreeing the punishment of death upon all 
Quakers returning from banishment. 

What ivas the object of the law ? 

The avowed object of the law was not to persecute the Quakers, 
but to exclude them from the United Colonies. 

Was the object attained ? 

The law failed of its object ; and four persons were executed in con- 
formity thereto. 

Wlien did a more tolerant spirit begin to prevail ? 
Upon the repeal of the atrocious law, in 1661, a more tolerant spirit 
began to prevail. 

What measure of Parliament seriously affected the trade of the colo- 
nies? 

The "Navigation Act," passed by Parliament, re- 
stricted the trade of the colonies, and was one of the 
primary causes of the Revolution. 

When did King Philip's War commence? 

King Philip's War commenced in 1675, thirteen years 
after the death of Massasoit. 

Who was Philip ? 

Philip was a son and successor of Massasoit. 

Where zvas Philip's residence ? 

Philip had his residence at Mount Hope, in Bristol, 
Rhode Island. 

What prompted the Indians to feelings of liostility ? 

The spreading settlements were reducing the do- 
mains of the Indians, and breaking up their hunting- 
grounds ; and they saw in the growing power of the 
whites, their inevitable extinction. 



56 MASSACHUSETTS. 

Of what was Philip accused? 

Philip was charged with having plotted a combina- 
tion of all the New England tribes, for the extermina- 
tion of the colonists. 

By whom toas the charge made ? 

A converted Indian, who had been sent as a missionary among 
Philip's people, informed against him. 

What became of the informer ? 

The informer was murdered by the Indians. 

What ivas the immediate cause of the war ? 

The execution by the whites, of three Indians who had been arrest- 
ed, tried, and convicted of the murder, may be considered as the im- 
mediate cause of the war. 

What can you say of the first- attack? 

The first attack was made by Philip upon the people of Swanzey, 
a village thirty-five miles south-west from Plymouth. 

What afterward occurred? 

Philip was pursued, by a force consisting of the Plymouth troops 
and volunteers from Boston. 

What was the result? 

He was forced to abandon his home at Mount Hope ; and, after being 
besieged in a swamp for many da} r s, he escaped with most of his war- 
riors to the country of the Nipmucks. 

Who v;ere the Nipmucks ? 

The Nipmucks were an interior tribe of Massachusetts. 

What places were afterward attacked by the Indians ? 
The Indians attacked Brookfield, Deerfield, Hartley, Springfield, and 
other settlements, causing distressing loss to the whites. 

What treaty had the colonists made with a powerful tribe of Indians? 

A treaty of peace had been made with, the Nar-ra- 
gan'-setts. 

How was the treaty observed ? 

The Karragansetts were not faithful to the treaty, 
having received Philip and become his allies. 

What action was taken by the colonists in consequence ? 

A force of fifteen hundred men, with a number of 
friendly Indians, was sent against the Narragansetts. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 57 

What followed? 

The Indians were attacked in an immense swamp, 
in the southern part of Rhode Island, where Philip 
had fortified himself, and were defeated with great 
slaughter. 

What can you say of the Indians, after their defeat ? 

They never recovered from the effects of the de- 
feat ; but yet they continued their depredations till the 
death of Philip, in 1676. 

How loas Philip's death caused? 

Philip was shot by a faithless Indian. 

What colonial separation took place in 1680 ? 

In 1680, Massachusetts and New Hampshire were 
separated, the latter becoming a royal province — the 
first in New England. 

■ What deprivation was Massachusetts subjected to? 

James II., king of England, deprived Massachusetts 
of her charter. 

Why? 

The independence shown by Massachusetts, in dis- 
obeying the "Navigation Act" and other obnoxious 
laws of England, displeased the king. 

Whom did the king send to America ? 

The king sent Sir Edmund Andros, as royal gov- 
ernor of all New England. 

WJiat was the character of Andros? 

Andros became famous in the history of America, 
on account of his unjust and oppressive measures. 

Wit at intelligence from England caused rejoicings amon / the people of 
Boston ? 

The news of the English revolution, in which James 

II. had been driven from the throne, and William of 

Orange declared king, caused great rejoicings among 

the people of Boston. 



58 MASSACHUSETTS. 

How did the people treat tJie royal officers of the colony f 

They seized Andros and his officers, and sent them 
to England for trial, on a charge of maladministration 
of public affairs. 

What mode of government did the colonists then assume ? 

The colonists re-established their former mode of 
government. 

What did James, the ex-king, do ? 

James escaped to France, where his cause was es- 
poused by the French monarch. 

What was the consequence of the espousal ? 

The French monarch's course led to a contest be- 
tween England and France, known in history as King 
William 's War. 

What parties became involved in the war f 

The colonists of the two nations became involved. 

By what acts ivas the opening of the war signalized? 

The French and Indians, at the commencement of 
the war, committed shocking barbarities in their expe- 
ditions against the northern colonies. 

What expedition ivas undertaken by ivay of retaliation? 

An expedition under Sir William Phipps was fitted 
out by Massachusetts, for the reduction of Nova Scotia. 

What ivas the residt ? 

Phipps captured Port Royal, and returned to Bos- 
ton with a large amount of booty. 

What other expedition was undertaken f 

An expedition was planned by New England and 
New York, for the conquest of Canada. 

What can you say of it ? 

A large naval force, under Sir William Phipps, 
proceeded from Massachusetts ; and a land force, com- 
manded by Winthrop, of Connecticut, proceeded from 
New York. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 59 

What was the result ? 

The expedition was unsuccessful, both by land and 
water. 

What was the length of the war? 

King William's War extended from 1689 to the 
peace of Ryswiek (riz'-wick), in 1697, a period of about 
eight years. 

Where is Ryswick ? 

Kyswick is a small town in the western part of Hol- 
land. 

What had the king done in reference to the government of Massachusetts? 

During the war, King William refused to restore 
the old charter to Massachusetts, but he granted a new 
one, which united Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine and 
Nova Scotia, in one royal government. 

What was the most objectionable feature in (he new charter'? 

By the new charter, the appointments of the princi- 
pal officers were taken from the people, and vested in 
the crown. 

What was done by the king to render the charter acceptable to the people ? 

Sir William Phipps, a native of Maine, who had 
led the colonists against the French settlements, was 
appointed governor. 

What extraordinary act was among the first of the neiv government ? 

One of the first acts of Phipps and his council, was 
the formation of a court, to try certain persons in the 
colony who were accused of witchcraft. 

Where did the belief in witchcraft prevail? 

The belief in witchcraft prevailed in Salem and the 
neighboring towns. 

6ow many persons accused of witchcraft were made to suffer ? 

Twenty persons were put to death, fifty-five were 
tortured or frightened into a confession of witchcraft, 
and many suffered imprisonment. 



60 MASSACHUSETTS. 

How long did the delusion last? 

The delusion lasted more than six months. 

What course did Francs pursue, upon the death of the ex-king of Eng- 
land f 

Upon the death of James II., the dethroned king, 
France acknowledged his son as king of England. 

o o o 

What effect did the act produce in England ? 

The interference of France tended to produce a spirit 
of resentment in England, where the crown had been 
settled upon Anne, second daughter of James II. 

What happened to the English king ? 

While the English were making preparations for 
war with France, King William died. 

Who succeeded him ? 

Anne, upon whom the crown had been settled, be- 
came sovereign of England. 

What did the course piersued by France lead to? 

The interference of France in the matter of the suc- 
cession to the crown of England, in connection with 
other causes, led to a war between England on the 
one side, and France and Spain on the other. 

By what names loas Vie war known ? 

In America, the contest was known as Queen Annies 
War; in Europe, as The War of the Spanish Succession. 

How did the voar affect the colonies ? 

The weight of the war in America fell upon the 
people of New England. 

How did Neiv York escape being invaded ? 

A treaty of neutrality which the Five Nations had 
made with the French in Canada, secured New York 
against invasion from the north. 

Who were the Five Nations? 

The Five Nations were five tribes of Indians, united 
under a confederacy, and occupying lands within the 
present state of New York. 



MASSACHUSETTS. Gl 

What followed the declaration of war? 

Bodies of French and Indians made incursions from 
Canada, fell upon the defenceless villages of New Eng- 
land, and murdered or carried into captivity the help- 
less inhabitants. 

What -was the most important, event of the ivar ? 

The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from 
Massachusetts, aided by an English fleet, was the most 
important event of the war. 

What icas the result of the capture ? 

The name of the place was changed to Annapolis, 
in honor of Queen Anne ; and Acadia was permanently 
annexed to the British realm. 

How long did the war continue? 

Queen Anne's War continued about eleven years, 
hostilities having commenced in 1702, and closed by 
the treaty of Utrecht (u'-trekt), in 1713. 

Where is Utrecht ? 

Utrecht is a city of Holland, situated on the Rhine. 

How long did peace last? 

A peace of nearly thirty years, followed Queen 
Anne's War, which was broken by King George's 
War, commencing in 1711. 

By what name teas King George's War known in Europe ? 

In Europe the contest was known as The War of 
the Austrian Succession. 

What was the origin of the war? 

The war had its origin in disputes relating to the 
kingdom of Austria. 

What was the most important event of the war? 

The most important event of King George's War, 
was the capture of Louisburg (ho'-e-burg), by a colo- 
nial force under William Pepperell, aided by an Eng- 
lish fleet commanded by Commodore Warren. 
6 



02 MASSACHUSETTS. 

How is Louisburg situated ? 

Louisbiirg is situated on Cape Breton island, east 
of Nova Scotia. 

What was the length of the war ? 

King George's War continued from 1744 till the 
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (a-lah-slia-pell'), in 1748, a 
period of about four years. 

Where is Aix-la-Chapelle ? 

Aix-la-Chapelle is an ancient city in the western 
part of Germany. 

What did England and France gain by the contest f 

All acquisitions made by England and France dur- 
ing the war, were mutually restored. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Which of the New England colonies formed a union in 1643 ?. . 54 

2. What was the object of the union ? 54 

3. Which of the colonies did not join the union? 54 

4. What is the reason Rhode Island did not ? 54 

5. Give an account of the persecutions to which the Quakers were 

subjected ? 54, 55 

6. What can you state of the "Navigation Act ?" 55 

7. What war commenced in 1675 ? 55 

8. What Indian chief resided at Mount Hope? 55 

9. Where is Mount Hope situated? (See map, page 38.) 

10. Who was the father of King Philip ? 55 

11. What encroachments did the Indians view with disfavor? 55 

12. What charge of plotting was brought against Philip? 56 

13. In what way did the Narragansetts prove faithless ? 56 

14. What expedition did their faithlessness provoke ? 56 

15. Where had Philip fortihed himself? 57 

16. What was the result of the swamp fight ? 5*7 

17. In what way did Philip meet his death ? 57 

18. Give an account of King Philip 55, 56, 57 

19. Which was the first royal province in New England? 57 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 63 



TAGK 



20. When did New Hampshire become a royal province ? 57 

21. What loss as regards her charter, did Massachusetts suffer?. . . 57 

22. Why did King James take away the charter? 57 

23. What appointment did Andros receive from the king? 57 

2-4. How did Andros render himself famous? 57 

25. How did the people of England serve James II. ? 57 

26. How did the news of their act affect the Bostonians? 57 

27. How did it affect them as regards Andros ? 58 

28. To what place did James, the ex-king, escape? 58 

29. How did the French monarch treat him?. . ., 58 

30. What war followed ? 58 

31. Give an account of Phipps's first expedition 58 

32. Give an account of his second expedition 58, 59 

33. In what year was the war brought to a close ? 59 

34. At what place was the treaty of peace made ? 59 

35. What union, under a royal charter, was effected by King Wil- 

liam ? 59 

36. What privilege did the new charter take from the people? .... 59 

37. What motive prompted the king to make Phipps governor?. . . 59 

38. Was Phipps an American or Englishman by birth ? 59 

39. Give an account of the "Salem witchcraft?" 59, 60 

40. In what way was Queen Anne's War brought about? 60 

41. By what other name was the war known ? 60 

42. Who was Queen Anne ? 60 

43. By what hostile acts did the war commence ? 61 

44. What can you say of the capture of Port Royal ? 61 

45. What change of name took place ? 61 

46. What territory did England acquire by the war ? 61 

47. In what year was the war brought to a close ? 61 

48. At what place was the treaty of peace formed ? 61 

49. What was the next war between England and France? 61 

50. How many years elapsed between Queen Anne's War and King 

George's War ? 61 

51. By what name was King George's War known elsewhere?. ... 61 

52. What was the cause of the war? 61 

53. When did the war commence ? 61 

54. What did Pepperell and Warren accomplish ? 61 

55. How did the event rank in importance among the events of the 

war? 61 

56. How many years did the war continue ? 62 



64 



NEW YORK. 



NEW YOEK. 




What are they 



New York ? 
Albany ? 



Mohawk ? 
Newburg ? 



Schenectady ? 
Hudson ? 



When and by whom was the Hudson river discovered? 

The Hudson river was discovered in 1609, by Henry 
Hudson, an English navigator, then sailing in the ser- 
vice of the Dutch East India Company. 

What ivas the object of his voyage ? 

When Hudson discovered the river which bears his 



NEW YORK. 65 

name, lie was seeking a passage through the continent 
to the Pacific ocean. 

How far up the river did Hudson go ? 

He proceeded beyond the city of Hudson in his ves- 
sel, The Half Moon, and then continued his explora- 
tions in a small boat as far as Albany. 

What can you say of the first settlement made in Neio York? 

In 1614, the Dutch built a rude fort on Man-hat'-tan 
or New York island, and in the following year began 
a settlement at Albany ; but it was not till 1623 that 
they actually colonized the country. 

What did they call their settlement ? 

The Dutch called their settlement on Manhattan 
island New Amsterdam. 

What fort did they build up the river? 

At Albany they built a fort which they called Fort 
Orange. 

What extent of territory was claimed by the Dutch ? 

The Dutch claimed the whole territory from Cape 
Cod to the southern shore of Delaware bay. 

By what name was tlie whole territory known ? 

The territory claimed by the Dutch was known as 
New Netherlands. 

Under whose auspices were colonies planted in New Netherlands? 
Colonies were planted in New Netherlands under the auspices of 
the Dutch West India Company. 

What offers did the Company make to induce emigration ? 
The Company offered large tracts of land and certain privileges to 
each individual who would form a settlement of fifty persons. 

Who availed themselves of the offer? 

Four directors of the Company became proprietors of valuable por- 
tions of tlie territory, and thus were laid the foundations of the mano- 
rial estates of New York. 

What were they called? 

The proprietors were called Pa'-trons, or Pat-roons'. 
6* 



66 NEW YORK. 

Who were the successive Butch governors ? 

The first Dutch, governor was Peter Min'-u-its ; the 
second, Wouter Van Twiller ; the third, Sir William 
Kieft (iceeft) ; and the fourth and last was Peter Stuy- 
vesant {sti' -ves-ant). 

What controversy in respect to territory was begun during Van Tivilier's 
administration ? 

A controversy was begun during Yan Twiller's ad- 
ministration, occasioned by the alleged encroachments 
of the English on the eastern end of Long Island, and 
on the Connecticut river. 

What troubles did Kieft bring upon the colony ? 

Kieft involved the colony in a strife with the Swedes 
of Delaware, whose settlements he considered as en- 
croachments upon New Netherlands : he also, by his 
unwise and inhuman conduct, brought on a disastrous 
Avar with the Indians. 

What became of Kieft .? 

Kieft was deprived of his office, and while returning 
to Europe, the ship in which he sailed was wrecked 
on the coast of Wales, and the guilty man perished. 

What can you say of StuyvesanVs administration ? 

Stuyvesant preserved peace with the Indians ; made 
a treaty settling boundary disputes with the English; 
gained by conquest the Swedish settlements on the 
Delaware ; and encouraged commerce. 

What accessions were made to the colony during his administration f 

Many emigrants came from among the oppressed, 
the discontented, and the enterprising, of other colonies 
and European nations. 

What feeling in regard to their political rights was soon made manifest 
among the settlers t 

A desire to enjoy greater privileges as citizens soon 
grew up among the people. 



NEW YOKE. 67 

Howivas the feeling manifested? 

They demanded a share in the government. 

How ivas the demand met ? 

Stuyvesant resisted the demand, and his conduct 
was approved by the home government. 

When did Stuyvesant see the imprudence of Ms refusal? 

When, in 1664, Colonel Nichols with an English, 
fleet, appeared before New Amsterdam and summoned 
the town to surrender, Stuyvesant, too late, saw T the 
imprudence of his conduct. 

By what authority did Nichols act ? 

Nichols acted by virtue of directions which he had 
received from the Duke of York. 

Where did the Duke of York get his authority ? 

Charles II., king of England, disregarding the 
claims of the Dutch, had granted the whole territory 
of New Netherlands to his brother James, the Duke 
of York. 

Bow did the -people of New Amsterdam treat his summons to surrender? 

The people of New Amsterdam, hoping to enjoy 
more freedom under English rule, determined to com- 
ply with the summons made by Nichols. 

How did Stuyvesant act under the circumstances ? 

Stm^vesant, faithful to his employers, the Dutch 
West India Company, refused to sign the articles of 
capitulation, until the town was actually in the posses- 
sion of the English. 

What disposition had been made of a portion of New Netherlands just 
previous to its surrender to Nichols ? 

Previous to the surrender, all that portion of New Netherlands now- 
known as New Jersey, was sold by the Duke of York to Lord Berkeley 
and Sir George Carteret. 

Wlxat names did the English give to the places surrendered? 

The English called New Amsterdam New York ; 
and Fort Orange received the name of Albany. 



68 ^ NEW YORK. 

What name was given to the zvhole territory? 

The name of New York was extended to the whole 
territory under the government of the Duke of York. 

Who became governor? 

The first English governor was Colonel Nichols. 

Who was the next? 

Nichols was succeeded by Lovelace. 

What disappointment did the people meet with? 

The people were disappointed in not obtaining a 
representative government. 

Was New York ever again in possession of the Dutch? 

During a war between England and Holland, the 
Dutch regained not only New York, but New Jersey 
and the settlements on the Delaware. 

How did the English regain possession ? 

When England and Holland made a treaty of peace, 
New Netherlands was restored to the English, after 
having been occupied by the Dutch for a period of 
fifteen months. 

What new grant was made of the territory? 

To remove all doubts concerning the Duke of York's 
title to the lands, the king gave him a new charter con- 
firming the former grant. 

Who then became governor ? 

The first governor under the new charter was Sir 
Edmund Andros, afterward famous for his petty tyr- 
anny. 

Who ivas the second governor ? 

Andros was succeeded by Thomas Dongan. 

By whom was Dongan succeeded ? 

Dongan was succeeded by Francis Nicholson. 

What political changes took place ? 

During Dongan's administration, the people met, and with the con- 
currence of the governor, adopted a "Charter of Liberties," which con- 
ceded to them many important rights. 



NEW YORK. 69 

How were ihey disappointed ? 

When the Duke of York ascended the throne as James II., he re- 
fused to confirm the privileges which lie had previously granted. 

What change did the news of the English revolution produce in the affairs 
ofNeiv York? 

When news of the English revolution in 1689, reached New York 
city, Jacob Leisler (lice'-ler), a militia captain, with the aid of several 
hundred armed men and the approbation of the citizens generally, took 
possession of the fort in the name of the new sovereigns of England, 
William and Mary. 

What was Leisler's further course ? 

Leisler assumed the functions of governor, and with the aid of Mil- 
borne, his son-in-law, managed affairs until the arrival of Sloughter, 
the successor of Nicholson. 

What then befell Leisler and Milborne ? 

Leisler and Milborne were tried on a charge of treason, and con- 
demned to death ; Sloughter, while drunk at a feast, signed the death- 
warrant, and both were executed. 

What can you say of an attack made upon Schenectady ? 

During King William's War, Schenectady {ske-ncc -ta-de), a Dutch 
settlement on the Mohawk river, in New York, was surprised at mid- 
night by a party of French and Indians, sixty of the inhabitants were 
killed, thirty taken prisoners, and the village was burned. 

Who became governor at the close of the war? 

At the close of King William's War. the Earl of Bel'-la-mont, an 
Irish peer, arrived in New York as governor. 

What serious charge was afterward brought against Bellamoni? 

Bellamontwas afterward charged with abetting Kidd in his piracies, 
and sharing his plunder. 

What further can you say of the matter ? 

The charge was examined by the House of Commons; but Bella- 
mont escaped without censure. 

What can you say of Kidd's fate ? 

Kidd was arrested in Boston, sent to England, tried, and executed. 
Who succeeded Bellamont ? 

Bellamont was succeeded by the vicious and intolerant Loi$i Corn- 
bury. 

How long was he governor ? 

Cornbury was governor for seven years, when, in answer to the 
request of the people, he was recalled. 

Why did the people request his recall ? 

Cornbury, while governor, embezzled the public money, contracted 



10 NEW JERSEY. 

debts which he was unable to pay, and resisted the efforts of the peo- 
ple to establish a more popular government. 

What can you say of the "Negro Plotf 1 

In 1741, several incendiary fires occurred in the city 
of New York, and a house was robbed by slaves. 
Witnesses testified that the negroes had conspired to 
burn the city, murder the inhabitants, and set up a 
government of their own. 

What followed ? 

An intense excitement among all classes followed, 
and before it was allayed, more than thirty persons, 
condemned as having been engaged in the plot, were 
executed, and many were transported to foreign parts. 

Had a plot really existed ? 

A plot, no doubt, had been formed, but the accounts 
of it were greatly exaggerated, and many innocent 
persons were made to suffer. 



NEW JERSEY. 

Before New Jersey was granted to the Duke of York, in ivhat province 
was it included f 

New Jersey was included in the Dutch province of 
New Netherlands. 

Did the Dutch make any settlements in New Jersey ? 

The Dutch had a trading settlement at Bergen as 
early as 1622 ; and in 1623, they built Fort Nassau, on 
the east side of the Delaware. 

Whakis considered as the beginning of colonization in Neiv Jersey ? 

The settlement made at Elizabethtown, in 1664, by 
persons from Long Island, is considered as the begin- 
ning of colonization in New Jersey. 

What can you say of the sale of Neio Jersey in that year f 

The Duke of York, to whom the king of England 



NEW JERSEY. 



VI 



TTTPEIUPAlVrOF 
NEW JERSEY 
~wiTir ticixitx" or 
PHILADELPHIA 




What are they t Where situated ? 



Bergen ? 
Elizabethtown ? 



Trenton ? 
Princeton 



Monmouth ? 
New Brunswick ? 



had granted the whole province of New Netherlands, 
sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
Carteret, in 1664. 

Why was the name of New Jersey given to the territory purchased by 
Berkeley and Carteret? 

The territory was called New Jersey, in honor of 
Carteret, who had been governor of the island of 
Jersey, in the English Channel. 

Who was the first governor f 

Philip Carteret, brother of one of the proprietors, 
was the first governor of New Jersey. 



72 NEW JERSEY. 

At what place did Governor Carteret settle ? 

He settled at Elizabetbtown, wbicb be made tbe first 
capital. 

What inducements were offered to settlers? 

The liberal constitution published by the proprietors, by which it 
was provided that no rents for the use of lands would be required for 
the space of five years, induced many persons to settle. 

How long did quietness pervade the colony ? 

During the five years' exemption from rents, the colony prospered 
in quietness. 

What then produced commotion ? 

The attempts to collect the rents, after the expiration of the five 
years, produced a great deal of ill feeling among the settlers. 

What claim did the settlers make? 

Those who had purchased lands of the Indians, asserted that a deed 
from them was superior to any other title. 

What course did the settlers pursue f 

After disputing with the proprietors for about two years, the settlers 
displaced Philip Carteret, and appointed a dissolute son of Sir George 
Carteret governor. 

What occurred during the year 1673? 

In 16713, tbe Dutch, wbile at war with England, re- 
gained New Jersey as well as the other portions of 
their former possessions of New Netherlands. 

How long did the Dutch hold possession ? 

The Dutch kept possession for fifteen months, when, 
by treaty, the whole territory was restored to the Eng- 
lish. 

How ivas the territory then disposed of? 

New Netherlands, including New Jersey, was a sec- 
ond time granted to the Duke of York. 

Who then ivas appointed governor ? 

In disregard of the rights of Berkeley and Carteret, 
the Duke of York appointed Edmund Andros gover- 
nor over the whole reunited province. 

What did the duke afterward agree to ? 

He afterward agreed to restore New Jersey to 
Berkeley and Carteret. 



NEW JERSEY. 73 

What ivas done with Berkeley's interest in the territory ? 

Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to Edward 
Byllinge, an English Quaker. 

What disposition did Byllinge make of if? 

B}dlinge assigned his interest to William Penn and 
two other Quakers. 

How teas New Jersey then divided? 

The proprietors then divided the territory into two 
portions — Carteret taking East Jersey, and the Quakers, 
West Jersey. 

What accessions were made ? 

In 1677, more than four hundred Quakers came from England and 
settled in West Jersey. 

Wind troubles did they experience? 

They were called upon by Andros to acknowledge the sovereignty 
of the Duke of York, and submit to taxation. 

How were their troubles settled ? 

Their troubles were settled by a legal decision against the claims of 
the duke. 

What important convention teas held in New Jersey ? 

A representative assembly held in West Jersey, adopted a code of 
laws for the government of the people. 

Into whose hands did East Jersey fall? 

East Jersey was purchased in 16S2, by Penn and 
eleven other Quakers ; and Robert Barclay, a Scotch 
Quaker, ivas appointed governor for life. 

What can you say of Barclay's administration? 

His administration was short but prosperous. 

What brought it to a close? 

When the Duke of York ascended the throne of 
England, in seeking to annul the American charters, 
he placed New Jersey under the jurisdiction of An- 
dros. 

How ivas his jurisdiction terminated? 

The revolution in England, and the expulsion of 
Andros from Boston, put an end to the obnoxious 
authority. 
7 



74 NEW JERSEY. 

What was done after the expulsion of Andros? 

The Jerseys were in an unsettled condition until 
the proprietors, in 1702, surrendered their powers of 
government to the crown. 

What further can you say of the province ? 

New Jersey then became a royal province united 
to New York, under the government of Lord Corn- 
bury. 

How was it then governed ? 

For thirty-six years New Jersey was under the 
governors of New York, but with a distinct legisla- 
tive assembly of its own. 

What further account can you give of the history of New Jersey ? 

In 1738, the connection with New York was sev- 
ered forever : New Jersey then became a royal prov- 
ince, with Lewis Morris for governor. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What discovery was made by Henry Hudson ? , . 64 

2. In what year was the Hudson discovered ? 64 

3. In what country was Hudson horn ?'. 64 

4. When he discovered the river, in whose employ was he ? . ... 6 I 

5. What was he seeking at the time of the discovery ? G5 

6. What was the name of Hudson's vessel ? 65 

7. In what way did he reach Albany ? . . , 65 

8. What was done by the Dutch in 1614 ? 65 

9. What did they do in 1615 ? 65 

10. What did they do in 1623 ? 65 

11. What place did they call New Amsterdam ? 65 

12. Where did they build Fort Orange? 65 

13. What claim to territory did the Dutch make ? 65 

14. What name did they give to the territory claimed? 65 

15. Who was the first governor of New Netherlands? 66 

16. Who was the second? 66 

IT. Who was the third ? 66 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1 



PAGG 

18. Who was the fourth ? qq 

19. Of what alleged encroachments of the English did the Dutch 

complain ? G *- 

20. What other encroachments were made upon New Netherlands ? CG 

21. Give an account of the third Dutch governor of New Nether- 

lands Gil 

22. How did the fourth Dutch governor administer affairs ? G '> 

23. From what class of persons did New Netherlands receive acces- 

sions in large numbers, during Stuyvesant's administration? g. 

24. What desire soon prevailed among the people ? 66 

25. What demand did they make of Stuyvesant? 67 

26. How did Stuyvesant treat their demand? G7 

27. How was Stuyvesant encouraged by the home government?. . 67 

28. What took place in 1664 ? 67 

29. For whom did Nichols summon New Netherlands to surrender? 67 

30. What title had the Duke of York to the territory ? 67 

31. Why were the people of New Netherlands willing to surrender 

to Nichols ? 67 

32. How long did Stuyvesant hold out before he finally yielded up 

New Netherlands ? 67 

33. What name was then given to New Amsterdam ? 67 

34. What, to Fort Orange? 67 

35. Who was the first English governor of New York ? 68 

36. Who was the second? 68 

37. Did the people realize their hopes, in regard to political privi- 

leges? 6S 

38. What became of New York, New Jersey and Delaware, during 

a war between England and Holland ? 68 

39. For how long a time did the Dutch hold possession ? 68 

40. What was done to secure the Duke of York's title to New Neth- 

erlands ? 68 

41. Who was the first governor under the rew charter? 68 

42. Give an account of the " Negro Plot." 70 

43. Of what province was New Jersey once a part ? 70 

44. What settlement was made in New Jersey in 1664 ? 70 

45. How did Berkeley and Carteret get possession of New Jersey? 71 

46. What interest did Penn acquire in the Jerseys? 73 

47. When did New Jersey become a royal province ? 74 

48. How was it governed for more than thirty years after ? 74 

49. What dissolution took place in 1738 ? 74 



76 MARYLAND. 







MARYLAND. 








What are they ? Where situated? 






(Tc 


> be answered from the map, page 24 


=•) 


ent? 

. Mary 


s? 


Chesapeake ? 
Potomac ? 


Baltimore ? 
Annapolis ? 



Of what colony was Maryland once apart? 

By the second charter granted to the London Com- 
pany, the limits of Virginia were extended, and em- 
braced all the territory now forming the states of Mary- 
land, Virginia, and North Carolina. 

What look place in 1624 ? 

The dissolution of the London Company having 
been accomplished in 1624, the soil of Virginia became 
the property of the crown. 

What can you say of a license granted to Clayborne by the king? 

In 1631, William Clay borne obtained from Charles 
L, a license to traffic with the Indians. 

What settlements did he make ? 

Clayborne formed two trading settlements ; one on 
Kent Island, and the other at the mouth of the Sus- 
quehanna. 

What application was made to the king by Calvert? 

Sir George Calvert, a Eoman Catholic nobleman, 
applied for a charter to establish a colony in Mary- 
land. 

By what name was Calvert generally known? 

Calvert's title was Lord Baltimore. 

What was Calvert's special object in making the application to the king? 

He was influenced by a desire to provide an asylum 
for Catholics, then persecuted in England. 



MARYLAND. 11 

How did the king treat the application f 

King Charles readily agreed to grant the charter, but 
before the document received the royal seal, Calvert 
died. 

What was then done with the charter ? 

The charter was then issued to Cecil (se'-sil) Calvert, 
son of Sir George, who, by the death of his father, 
inherited the title of Lord Baltimore. 

What can you say of the character of the charter f 

The charter granted to Lord Baltimore was the 
most liberal one, in every respect, that had been 
granted by the crown. 

How did it differ from others ? 

It secured to emigrants equality in religious rights 
and civil freedom, and made the government of the 
colony independent of the crown. 

What other provisions did it contain ? 

It provided that no tax should be levied upon the 
colonists by the crown; and that no law should be 
established, without the sanction of the freemen or 
their deputies. 

What name was given to the country granted to Lord Baltimore ? 

The province was called Marjdand, in honor of 
Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. 

Wlwm did Lord Baltimore send to America f 

Lord Baltimore sent his brother, Leonard Calvert, 
with about two hundred emigrants, mostly Roman 
Catholics. 

What settlement did they make t 

Their first settlement was made at St. Mary's, in 
1634. 

How was the peace of the colony interrupted t 

Clay borne, who from the first had claimed the ter 
ritory, and refused to submit to the authority of Cal- 
vert, created great disturbance. 

7* 



18 MARYLAND. 

What did Claylorne do ? 

Having determined to defend his claim by force of 
arms, a severe skirmish took place, in which his party 
was defeated. 

To what place did he escape? 

He fled to Virginia ; but the Maryland assembly 
having declared him guilty of treason, the governor 
of Virginia sent him to England for trial. 

What further account can you give of him ? 

His claim was refused ; but being acquitted of the 
charge of treason, he returned to Maryland, and created 
a rebellion in 1645. 

What did he effect? 

He compelled Governor Calvert to flee into Virginia, 
and remain there more than a year. 

What important law was enacted soon after? 

After Calvert had resumed his office, the assembly 
enacted a law known as " The Toleration Act." 

What ivas the important provision of the law ? 

The law guaranteed the free exercise of religious 
opinions to all persons professing belief in Jesus 
Christ. 

Was not the same freedom guaranteed by the charter ? 

The charter guaranteed religious freedom ; but, by the passage of 
"The Toleration Act," the guarantee received the sanction of law. 

In what manner did Parliament interfere with the government of the 
colony ? 

During the supremacy of Cromwell and the Puritans, in England, 
Parliament appointed commissioners, of whom Clayborne was one, to 
administer the government of the colony. 

What injustice was soon committed by the Maryland Assembly ? 

An act of the assembly declared that Catholics were not entitled to 
the protection of the laws of Maryland. 

To what did the interference of Parliament lead? 

A civil war ensued in Maryland, between the Catholics, who ad- 
hered to the proprietor, and the Protestants, who sided with Parlia- 
ment. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 19 

What was done after the death of Cromivell? 

After Cromwell's death, the rights of Lord Baltimore were restored, 
and for nearly thirty years the colony enjoyed repose. 

Who succeeded Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, as proprietor 
of Maryland ? 

Upon the death of the second Lord Baltimore, his 
son, Charles Calvert, the third Lord Baltimore, be- 
came the proprietor of Maryland. 

Did Maryland afterward become a royal province? 

King William, in 1691, deprived Lord Baltimore of 
his political privileges as proprietor, and constituted 
Maryland a royal province. 

Who then was appointed governor? 

The first royal governor was Lionel Copley. 

How long was Maryland a royal province ? 

Maryland remained a royal province for a space of 
more than twenty years. 

What change then took place ? 

In 1715, the proprietor's rights wei»e restored to his 
infant heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore. Maryland 
again became a proprietary government, and so re- 
mained till the Eevolution. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 

What are they ? Where situated? 

(To be answered from the map, page 11.) 

Tinicum? Philadelphia? Brandy wine? 

What early settlements were made in Pennsylvania ? 

The Swedes made settlements on the island of Tini- 
cum, and on the western bank of the Delaware. 



80 PENNSYLVANIA. 

To whom ivas Pennsylvania afterward granted ? 

After the Swedes had made settlements, Pennsyl- 
vania was granted to William Penn, an English 
Quaker. 

Who made the grant? 

The grant was made by Charles II., king of Eng- 
land. 

What induced the king to make the grant t 

The grant was obtained by Penn, in payment of a 
debt dne to his father, Admiral Penn, for services ren- 
dered to the British government. 

What was Penn's object in applying for the grant ? 

His object was the founding of a colony where 
civil and religious liberty would be enjoyed, and 
where the people might dwell together in the bonds 
of peace. 

How did he treat the Swedish settlers? 

Penn assured the Swedish settlers that they should 
not be molested in their religion or laws. 

When did Penn's first colonists arrive ? 

The first colonists arrived in 1681, under the charge 
of William Markbam. 

What additional grant did Penn receive ? 

From the Duke of York, Penn obtained a grant of 
Delaware, then called " The Territories" or " The Three 
Lower Counties on the Delaware." 

When did Penn arrive ? 

Penn came to America in 1682, with a large num- 
ber of emigrants, principally Quakers. 

Where did he land? 

He landed at Newcastle, in Delaware. 

What union ivas then formed ? 

"The Territories" were united with Pennsylvania, 
under one government. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 81 

What important meeting took place? 

Penn met the Indians beneath a wide-spreading 
elm, at a place now called Kensington, the north-east 
suburb of Philadelphia. 

What was the result of the meeting ? 

Penn made a treaty of peace and friendship with 
the Indians, and paid for their lands. 

What city was Penn the founder off 

Penn founded Philadelphia, a name which signifies 
brotherly love. 

W/ial can you say of the prosperity of Pernios colony ? 

The colon}?- had a more rapid and peaceful growth 
than any other colony. 

What assembly was held in Philadelphia? 

An assembly, the second held in the province, was convened by 
Penn for purposes of legislation. 

What ivas the most important act of the assembly? 

A "Charter of Liberties,' 1 signed by Penn, was adopted by the as- 
sembly. 

What did Penn do in 1684 ? 

Penn, in 1684, returned to England. 

Wliat did he do for the government of the colony before leaving ? 

Before leaving for England, he appointed a committee of the provin- 
cial council, with Thomas Lloyd as president, to administer the govern- 
ment in his absence. 

What division of the province took place ? 

During Perm's absence in England, "The Three 
Lower Counties on the Delaware" became dissatis- 
fied, and withdrew from the union. 

What befell Penn in England? 

In England. Penn was imprisoned on account of his supposed adher- 
ence to the cause of James II., the deposed king, and the government 
of his province was given to Colonel Fletcher, governor of New York. 

What union was again established ? 

Fletcher reunited Delaware to Pennsylvania. 

How long was Penn deprived of his rights ? 

Penn was deprived of his rights about two years. 



82 DELAWARE. 

When do we next hear of Perm in the colony ? 
He visited his colony coward the close of 1G99. 
In what condition did he find it? 

The people were discontented, and demanded greater political privi- 
leges. 

How did he treat their demand? 

He offered them a new charter, more liberal than the former one. 

Was the new charter accepted ? 

It was accepted by Pennsylvania, but Delaware declined it. 

What ivas the consequence ? 

In 1703, the two colonies were again separated. 

How were Pennsylvania and Delaware governed after 1703 ? 

From 1703 to the Kevolution Pennsylvania and 
Delaware had separate legislatures, but the same gov- 
ernor. 

What further account can you give of Penn ? 

After remaining in the proviuce about two years, Penn returned 
to England, and never visited America again. 

What bequest did he make ? 

At his death, he left his interest in Pennsylvania and Delaware to 
his three sons. 

How long did they retain the interest bequeathed to them ? 

They retained their interest in the province until the Revolution. 

What disjiosilion was then made of it? 

Their claims were then purchased by Pennsylvania. 



DELAWAKE. 

What are they ? Where situated? 

(To be answered from the map, page 24.) 

Wilmington ? New Castle ? Henlopen ? 

What can you say of the settlement of Delaware ? 

Delaware was settled in 1638, on Christiana creek, 
near Wilmington, by a company of Swedes. 



DELAWARE. 83 

Under whose charge was the settlement made? 

The Swedish settlement on Christiana creek, was 
made under the charge of Peter Minuits, who had 
been governor of New Netherlands. 

What icas the extent of the territory of the Swedes ? 

The territory occupied by the Swedes extended from 
cape Henlopen to the falls in the Delaware, opposite 
Trenton. 

What name tvas given to it ? 

The Swedes called the territory New Sweden. 

Where was the capital of their territory located? 

The capital of New Sweden was established on the 
island of Tinicum. 

How were the Swedish settlements regarded by the Dutch ? 

The Dutch regarded the Swedish settlements as in- 
trusions upon the territory of New Netherlands. 

What forcible measure ivas adopted by the Dutch ? 

A force of more than six hundred men under Gov- 
ernor Stuyvesant, of New Netherlands, proceeded 
against the Swedes. 

What was the residt ? 

Every Swedish fort and settlement was brought 
under the rule of the Dutch. 

How long did the Dutch hold possession ? 

The Dutch held possession from 1655, the year of 
the conquest, till they were overpowered by the Eng- 
lish, in 1664. 

With what province was Delaware then connected? 

Delaware was then connected with the province of 
New York. 

How long did the connection continue ? 

Delaware was united with New York until 1682, 
when the Duke of York conveyed it to William Penn. 

What can you say of its further history ? 

From 1682 till the Re volution, the history of Dela- 
ware was connected with that of Pennsylvania. 



84 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 



NOKTH AND SOUTH CAEOLINA. 







What are they ? 



Where situated? 



Edenton ? 

Chowan? 
Wilmington ? 



Albemarle? 
Pamlico? 
Roanoke ? 



Raleigh ? 

Columbia? 
Georgetown ? 



What early attempts were made to settle North Carolina? 

The earliest attempts to settle North Carolina, were 
made by the English, under Sir Walter Kaleigh, in 

1585 and 1587. 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 85 

What settlement was afterward made there ? 

About the year 1650, emigrants from Virginia set- 
tled upon the Chowan river, near the present village 
of Edenton. 

What name was given to the settlement? 

The settlement was called " The Albemarle County 

Colony:' 

Who iv as the governor? 

Sir William Drummond was appointed governor. 

Wit at tract of country toas called Carolina ? 

The country south of Virginia, from Albemarle 
sound to the St. John's river, was called Carolina. 

To ivhom had it been granted? 

The whole of Carolina had been granted to Sir 
Robert Heath, but as no settlements had been made 
by him, the grant was declared void. 

What grant was afterward made of the country? 

Charles II. afterward granted Carolina to Lord 
Clarendon and seven others. 

Hoio was the Chowan settlement situated, with reference to the grant to 
Clarendon and others ? 

The settlement upon the Chowan was found to be 
outside of the limits of the charter granted to Claren- 
don and others. 

In what way ivas it secured to Clarendon and his associates? 

A new charter was granted to Clarendon and his 
associates, extending the limits of Carolina from Vir- 
ginia to the middle of Florida. 

What can you say of a settlement near Wilmington ? 

A band of New England adventurers began a set- 
tlement near Wilmington : it did not prosper at first, 
but, in 1665, a company of planters from Bar-ba'-does 
settled upon the lands, and founded a permanent set- 
I tlement. 



86 NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

What name was given to itf 

The settlement was called " The Clarendon County 

Colony y 

Who was its first governor ? 

The first governor was Sir John Yeamans. 

What can you say of another colony established in Carolina ? 

In 1670, a colony was founded in South Carolina, 
on the western bank of the Ashley river, near 
Charleston. 

What name was given to itf 

It was called " The Carteret County Colony." 

Who toas the first governor f 

William Sayle was the first governor. 

What ivas actually the first attempt to establish a colony in South Car- 
olina ? 

The earliest attempt to plant a colony in South 
Carolina was made by the Huguenots, at Port Koyal 
entrance, more than a century before the settlement 
was commenced near Charleston. 

What grand anticipation ivas indidged in by the proprietors of Caro- 
lina f 

It was anticipated by the proprietors that Carolina would become a 
powerful empire. 

What decision did they consequently make ? 

They decided to have a form of government for Carolina, adequate 
to the grandeur of their anticipation. 

Who drew up the form of government f 

A constitution was prepared by the Earl of Shaftesbury, a statesman 
of ability, and John Locke, the eminent philosopher. 

How was it received? 

It was unsatisfactory to the colonists, not being suited to their cir- 
cumstances. 

What was its fate ? 

After a strife of more than twenty years, it was repealed by tho 
proprietors. 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 87 

Who succeeded Sayle in the governorship of the southern colony of Car- 
olina f 

The second governor of " The Carteret County Colony" was Sir John 
Yeamaus, transferred from " The Clarendon County Colony." 

How was slavery introduced into South Carolina ? 
Yeamans arrived from Barbadoes, bringing about two hundred 
African slaves. 

What union took place under Teaman's administration ? 

Most of " The Clarendon County" settlers removed to the southern 
colony, and thus only two colonies remained in Carolina. 

How were the two colonies soon designated? 

The northern colony became known as North Carolina ; the south- 
ern, as South Carolina. 

What consideration had oeen overlooked in locating the southern colony ? 
The site for the town of the southern colony, had been chosen with- 
out regard to commerce. 

What conclusion did the colonists come to with reference to the matter 1 
The colonists determined to abandon their first settlement, and lay 

the foundation of a new town, at the junction of the Cooper and Ashley 

rivers. 

When was Charleston settled f 

In 1680, ten years after their first settlement, the 
South Carolina colonists laid the foundation of their 
new town, calling it Charleston, in honor of Charles 
II., king of England. 

What took place in 1729 ? 

Iii 1729, Carolina was sold to the king of England, 
and then separated into North and South Carolina. 

What can you say of the further history of the Carolinas ? 

From 1729 to the Revolution, the Carolinas were 
royal provinces. 



88 GEORGIA. 



GEOKGIA. 



In what grant was Georgia originally included? 

Georgia was included in the grant of Carolina made 
to Clarendon and others. 

When did Georgia revert to the crown f 

Georgia reverted to the king in 1729, by which act 
he was empowered to make new grants. 

What can you say of the condition of the country at the time? 

At the time of the reversion, the territory was a 
wilderness unoccupied except by savage tribes. 

By whom was it claimed? 

It was claimed by England, as a part of Carolina ; 
and by Spain, as a part of Florida. 

What grant was made by the king of England ? 

George II. granted to a corporation, for twenty-one 
years, the country between the Savannah and the Al- 
tamaha (al-ta-ma-hah'). 

What was the object of the corporation? 

The object of the corporation was to provide an 
asylum in America for the poor of England, and the 
persecuted Protestants of all nations. 

What were the members of the corporation called ? 

The members of the corporation were called Trustees, 
the grant to them being "in trust for the poor." 

Who was the most distinguished among the members of the corporation ? 

The most distinguished among them was James 
Oglethorpe ip' -gel-thorp), a member of the British Par- 
liament. 

What name was given to the country granted? 

The new province was called Georgia, in honor of 
king George. 



GEOKGIA. 89 

When and where was the first settlement made ? 

The first settlement was made in 1733, the year 
after the grant, at Savannah. 

Ofhoiu many persons did the first party of settlers consist 1 ? 

The settlement at Savannah was commenced by 
about one hundred and twenty persons, accompanied 
by the benevolent Oglethorpe. 

What can you say of the prosperity of the colony ? 

The colony increased in numbers rapidly ; but, owing to the poverty 
of the settlers, and to their being unaccustomed to habits of industry, 
and also to the impolitic regulations of the trustees, it did not grow in 
wealth. 

What can you say of Oglethorpe's movements? 

Oglethorpe visited England, and returned to Georgia with about 
three hundred emigrants. 

What celebrated Christian ministers visited the colony ? 

Georgia was visited by John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist 
church ; and two years after, by George Whitefield (whit' -field), the elo- 
quent Methodist preacher. 

What can you say of Oglethorpe's second visit to England? 

Oglethorpe made a second visit to England, and returned to Georgia 
with a regiment of six hundred men for the defence of the southern 
frontiers. 

What troubles occurred in the colony ? 

The colonists became involved in hostilities with the Spaniards, in 
consequence of the conflicting claims to territory. 

What expedition did Oglethorpe undertake? 

An expedition having for its object the reduction of the Spaniards 
at St. Augustine, was undertaken by Oglethorpe. 

Was it sicccessful ? 

It was not successful ; and Oglethorpe was obliged to return to Sa- 
vannah. 

What was done by the Spaniards soon after ? 
The Spaniards invaded Georgia, in 1742. 
What can you say of a battle that took place ? 

A battle was fought on St. Simon's island, at the mouth of the Alta- 
maha river, in which the force under Oglethorpe was victorious. 

What was the result of the invasion ? 
The invasion by the Spaniards was entirely unsuccessful. 
8* 



90 GEORGIA. 

What further can you say of Ogleihorpel 

Oglethorpe went to England after ten years of toil in behalf of the 
colony, and there, at the age of near five score, he died. 

When and Jioro did Georgia become a royal province? 

The trustees continued to govern till 1752, when, 
wearied with the troublesome and languishing charge, 
they resigned their office, and Georgia became a royal 
province. 



REVIEW QUESTION'S. 

PAGR 

1. "What settlements were made in Maryland by Clayborne ? 70 

2. Give some account of Sir George Calvert 76, 7 7 

3. To whom did King Charles issue the Maryland charter? 77 

4. What liberal provisions did the charter contain ? 77 

5. How were the Catholics treated at that time in England? 76 

6. Why was Maryland so called ? 77 

7. When and where was Maryland settled by Lord Baltimore ?. . . 77 

8. Give an account of the troubles caused by Clayborne.. . 76, 77, 78 

9. Who was William Perm? 80 

10. What grant did Penn receive from the king of England ? 80 

11. Who, at the time, was king of England ? 80 

12. Why did Charles II. make the grant ? 80 

13. What kind of a colony did Penn desire to found? 80 

14. By whom had settlements been made in Pennsylvania, before 

the grant to Penn ? 79 

15. What course did Penn pursue toward the Swedes ? 80 

16. What arrival for Pennsylvania took place in 1681 ? 80 

17. What grant did Penn receive from the Duke of York ? 80 

18. What arrival took place in 1682 ? 80 

19. What union was effected under Perm's government? 80 

20. Where did Penn make his famous treaty with the Indians?. . . 81 

21. How did he acquire the Indians' lands ? 81 

22. In what way then had the lands been doubly acquired ?. . . 80, 81 

23. By whom was Philadelphia founded ? 81 

24. What does the name Philadelphia signify ? 81 

25. How did the growth of Philadelphia compare with that of the 

other colonies ? 81 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 91 

PAGK 

26. What was done by Delaware during Penn's absence in England? 81 

27. How were Pennsylvania and Delaware united after 1703 ? 82 

28. When was Delaware first settled ? 82 

29. At what place was the first settlement made ? 82 

30. By whom was it made ? 82 

31. What part did Minuits take in making the settlement? 83 

32. What can you tell of the previous history of Minuits ? G6 

33. What did the Swedes call their territory ? 83 

34. How far did New Sweden extend? 83 

35. What did the Swedes do at the island of Tinicum ? 83 

36. What expedition proceeded against the Swedes ? 83 

37. Why was the expedition undertaken ? 83 

38. What did Stuy vesant effect against the Swedes ? . 83 

39. With what two colonies was Delaware afterward united? 83 

40. What did Raleigh do in 1585 and 1587 ? 84 

41. What settlement was made in 1650 ? 85 

42. What name was given to the settlement on the Chowan ? 85 

43. To what position was Sir William Drummond appointed ? 85 

44. What region was then called Carolina? 85 

45. What grant had been made to Sir William Heath ? 85 

46. Why was the grant declared void? 85 

47. What grant did Clarendon and others obtain ? 85 

48. What can you say of the second grant obtained by them ? 85 

49. By whom was the settlement of Wilmington begun? 85 

50. What can you say of the further history of the settlement ? . . . 85 

51. By what name was the Wilmington settlement called ? 86 

52. What colony was established in 1670 ? 86 

53. What name was given to the settlement on the Ashley? 86 

54. What attempt, more than a century before, had been made to 

form a settlement in South Carolina ? 86 

55. When was Charleston founded ? 87 

56. Why was it called Charleston ? 87 

57. When was Carolina divided into North and South Carolina ?. . . 87 

58. What territory beside the Carolinas, was included in the grant 

to Clarendon and others ? 88 

59. What reversion of territory took place in 1729 ? 88 

60. By what two governments was Georgia claimed ? 88 

61. What grant did the English king make for a period of years?.. 88 

62. Why was Georgia so called ? 88 

63. When and where was Georgia first settled ? 89 



SECTION III. 

The French and Indian War. 

When loas the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle made ? 

The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was made in 1748, 
at the close of King George's War. 

Between ivhat parties had that xcar teen carried on? 

King George's War had been waged between the 
English and French, assisted by their respective colo- 
nists in America. 

Did the treaty settle all matters in dispute between the two nations ? 

Although the boundaries between the British and 
French possessions in America had been, for more than 
a quarter of a century, a subject of dispute, the treaty 
left them still undefined. 

What territory did the English claim ? 

The English laid claim to all the territory from 
Newfoundland to Florida, and extending to the Pa- 
cific ocean. 

What territory did the French lay claim to ? 

The French claimed the whole territory adjacent to 
the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi, and their trib- 
utaries. 

What was the foundation of the English claim ? 

The English based their claim upon the discovery 
by the Cabots, and upon a title bought from the 
chiefs of the Iroquois {e-ro-hwdh'). * 

What was the foundation of the French claim'? 

The French based their claim upon the fact that 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 03 

they had been the first to explore and occupy the ter- 
ritory. 

To ivhal did the conflicting claims lead ? 

A war broke out, in consequence of these conflicting 
claims, between England and her colonies on the one 
side ; and France and her colonies, largely aided by 
the Indians, on the other, which is known as " The 
French and Indian War." 

events of 1753. 

What seizure of British subjects was made by the French ? 

The French seized three British traders, and im- 
prisoned them at Presque Isle, now Erie, in the north- 
western extremity of Pennsylvania. 

Upon what plea was the seizure made ? 

The traders were regarded by the French as in- 
truders upon territory belonging to them. 

WJiat other hostile movements did the French make ? 

The French erected several forts along the southern 
shore of lake Erie. 

What complaints were made in consequence? 

The Ohio Company complained to Governor Din- 
wid'-die, of Virginia, of the hostile conduct of the 
French. 

What was the Ohio Company ? 

The Ohio Company was an association of gentle- 
men, principally Virginians, who had obtained from 
the king of England a grant of six hundred thousand 
acres of land, on and near the Ohio river, for the pur- 
pose of carrying on the fur trade with the Indians, 
and of settling the country. 

Why were the complaints of the Company addressed to the governor of 
Virginia? 

The land granted to the Ohio Company was within 
the original charter limits of Virginia. 



94 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

What determination did Diniciddie come io ? 

Dinwiddie determined to send a letter to the French 
commander on the Ohio, remonstrating against the 
hostile acts of his men, and demanding their with- 
drawal from the territory. 

Who was the French commander ? 

The commander of the French forces was St. Pierre 
(pe-dre'). 

Who was selected to convey the letter ? 

The person selected to convey the letter was George 
Washington, then a young man not twenty-two years 
of age. 

When and from what place did Washington depart f 
Washington set out on his mission on the last day 

of October, 1753, from Williamsburg, then the capital 

of Virginia. 

Describe the journey. 

The journey was both difficult and dangerous ; more 
than half the route of four hundred miles being 
through a wilderness inhabited by Indians hostile to 
the English. 

Where did Washington find St. Pierre? 

He found St. Pierre at Fort Le Boeuf (buff), on 
French creek, about fifteen miles south of lake Erie. 

What answer did St. Pierre send to Dinwiddie ? 

He replied by letter, refusing to leave the territory, 
and stating that he was acting by the orders of his 
general. 

Who was his general ? 

St. Pierre's superior officer was the Marquis du 
Quesne (du-kane'), governor-general of Canada. 

Where did Du Quesne have his head-quarters ? 

Du Quesne's head-quarters were at Montreal. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 95 

EVENTS OF 1754. 

Give an account of Washington's journey from Fort Le Bceuf. 

After an absence of eleven weeks, encountering on 
his journey severe hardships amid snow, icy floods, 
and hostile Indians, Washington reached Williams- 
burg, and delivered the letter to Dinwiddie. 

What measures were then taken to drive the French from, the disputed 
territory f 

The Ohio Company commenced the construction of 
a fort at the confluence of the Al-le-gha'-ny and Mo- 
non-ga-he'-la rivers ; and a body of provincial troops, 
commanded by Washington, set off from Alexandria, 
for the "new fort." 

Bid the Ohio Company complete the fort? 

Before the fort was half completed, a party of French 
and Indians suddenly appeared, and took jDossession. 

Wltat did the French do with the unfinished fort f 

The French completed the fort, and called it Fort 
Duquesne. 

Did Washington reach the fort? 

Washington did not reach the fort. 

Why not ? 

Learning that it had fallen into the hands of the 
enemy, and that a strong force was marching to inter- 
cept him, he took a position in a place called the 
Great Meadows. 

What took place near the Great Meadows'? 

An advance party of the French, under Jumonville, 
(zhoo-mong-veel') was surprised by Washington, and 
all but one were either killed or taken prisoners. 

Why is the action particularly memorable ? 

It was Washington's first battle, and the first of 
The French and Indian War. 

When did it take place ? 

It was fought on the 28th of May, 1754. 



96 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

What was Washington's next move ? 

At the position in the Great Meadows, Washington 
erected a fort, which, owing to the pinching famine 
that prevailed among his men during its construc- 
tion, he named Fort Necessity. 

Where ivas the fort situated ? 

The fort was situated in that part of Pennsylvania 
now known as Fayette county. 

What took place at Fort Necessity ? 

Washington was attacked by a force of fifteen hun- 
dred French and Indians, commanded by De Yilliers 
{vil-le-dre'). 

What was the result f 

On the 4th of July, 1754, after a brave defence of 
ten hours, Washington surrendered the fort, securing 
honorable terms of capitulation, and departed with 
his troops for Virginia. 

What had the British ministry recommended to the American colonies ? 

The British ministry had recommended the colonies to unite in some 
plan tor their common defence. 

What was done in conformity with the recommendation ? 

A congress, held at Albany, of commissioners from seven of the 
colonies, after making a treaty with the Indians of the Six Nations, 
adopted a plan of union, similar in several of its features to the present 
Constitution of the United States. 

By whom had the plan of union been prepared ? 

The plan of union adopted at Albany, had been prepared by Dr. 
Benjamin Franklin, a delegate from Pennsylvania. 

When was it adopted ? 

It was adopted on the 4th of July, IT 54, the day that Washington 
surrendered Fort Necessity. 

What further can you say of the plan of union ? 

It was not carried into effect; the colonial assemblies rejected it be- 
cause it gave too much power to the crown ; and the crown rejected it 
because it gave too much power to the people 

How was it determined the icar should be carried on ? 

It was then determined that the war should be carried on with Brit- 
ish troops, and such auxiliary forces as the colonial assemblies might 
voluntarily furnish. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 97 

EVENTS OF 1755. 

What force was sent to America ? 

The British government sent General Brad'-dock, 
an Irish offieer of distinction, with two regiments of 
five hundred men each. 

To ivhut position had Braddock been appointed? 

Braddock had been appointed commander-in-chief 
of all the British and provincial forces in America. 

What convention was held soon after his arrival 1 ? 

At Braddock's request, a convention of colonial 
governors was held at Alexandria, Virginia, to con- 
cert with him a plan of military operations. 

What ivas done by the convention ? 

Three expeditions were planned: one against Fort 
Duquesne, under Braddock ; a second against Niagara, 
under Governor Shirley ; and a third against Crown 
Point, under General "William Johnson. 

Where was Niagara situated ? 

Niagara, a fort built by the French, was situated at 
the mouth of the Niagara river, in New York. 

How is Crown Point situated? 

Crown Point is on the western shore of lake Cham- 
plain, in New York. (See map, page 64.) 

What other expedition had been ay-ranged ? 

An expedition had been arranged by Shirley and 
others, having for its object the expulsion of the 
French from Nova Scotia. 

What account can you give of the expedition ? 

The expedition against Nova Scotia consisted of 
British troops, aided by a large force from Massa- 
chusetts, the whole commanded by Colonel Monckton, 
and was entirely successful. 

In which of the three expeditions did Washington become enlisted ? 

Washington became enlisted in the expedition 
against Fort Duquesne. 



98 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

How did that expedition terminate ? 

Braddock, though unacquainted with Indian war- 
fare, disregarded the suggestions of Washington, who 
was acting as his aid-de-camp (aid'-de-kong 1 ), and, 
falling into an ambush of French and Indians, when 
within ten miles of the fort, was defeated with great 
loss. 

What is said of Washington during the battle? 

During the battle, Washington distinguished him- 
self by his courage and presence of mind. 

When did the battle occur I 

The defeat of Braddock occurred on the 9th of 
July, 1755, about a year after Washington's capitula- 
tion at Fort Necessity. 

What loos the fate of Braddock t 

Braddock being mortally wounded in the battle, 
died after a hasty retreat of forty miles. 

Who succeeded Braddock in the command of the British forces in Amer- 
ica f 

Braddock's successor, as commander-in-chief, was 
General William Shirley, governor of Massachusetts. 

What can you say of the expedition against Niagara ? 

The defeat of Braddock paralyzed the expedition 
against Niagara: the troops under Shirley were de- 
layed at Oswego, the Indian allies deserted, and finally 
the design was abandoned. 

How is Oswego situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
How were preparations commenced for the expedition against Crown 
Point t 

About six thousand troops, under General Lyman, 
were assembled at the " carrying-place " between the 
Hudson river and lake George, where they con- 
structed a fort which was afterward called Fort Ed- 
ward. 

What was done on the arrival of Johnson? 

Johnson arriving, took the command, and moved 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 99 

forward with the main body of his forces to the head 
of lake George, fifteen miles from Fort Edward. 

What intelligence reached Johnson there? 

The Indian scouts brought word to Johnson, that 
about two thousand French and Indians were on their 
march to attack Fort Edward. 

Who commanded the approaching force? 

They were commanded by the Baron Dieskau (de~ 
es-Jco'), who had proceeded from Montreal to Crown 
Point, and thence to the head of lake Champlain. 

How did Johnson undertake to relieve Fort Edward? 

Johnson sent Colonel Williams with a thousand 
New England troops, and two hundred Indians under 
the renowned chief Hendrick, to intercept the enemy. 

Did Dieskau reach the fori ? 

When near the fort, Dieskau's Indian allies, fearful 
of its cannon, refused to proceed to the attack; he 
therefore changed his plan, to go against the army at 
the lake. 

What followed? 

The forces under Williams and Hendrick were 
drawn into an ambush, September the 8th, 1755, and 
after a most signal slaughter, in which their com- 
manders fell, they retreated to Johnson's camp, pur- 
sued by Dieskau. 

What can you say of Johnson's defence ? 

From behind a hastily formed breastwork of trees, 
Johnson fired upon the assailants ; but being wounded 
early in the action, Lyman took the command, and 
routed the enemy with great slaughter. 

What further can you say of Dieskau? 

Dieskau was found by the pursuers, wounded and 
alone, leaning against the stump of a tree. As they 
approached, he felt for his watch to insure kind treat- 



100 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

ment, by delivering it up ; a soldier, thinking lie was 
feeling for his pistol, shot him through the hips. 

Did he die of his wounds ? 

He Was conveyed a prisoner to the camp, but ulti- 
mately died in England of his wounds. 

What were the further proceedings of John-son ? 

Johnson erected a fort on the site of his camp, calling 
it Fort William Henry. After garrisoning it and Fort 
Edward, he retired to Albany, and dispersed the re- 
mainder of his troops. 

How were his services rewarded? 

As a reward for his services, the British govern- 
ment gave him a baronetcy and <£5,000. 

Was the reward rightly bestowed? 

The reward belonged rather to General Lyman, the 
real hero of the campaign. 

EVENTS OF 1756. 
Who was Shirley's successor as commander-in-chief? 

General Abercrombie was appointed to take com- 
mand as Shirley's successor, until the arrival of Lord 
Loudon (low' -dun). 

What can you say of the powers conferred upon Loudon ? 

Loudon was invested with powers almost equal to 
those of a viceroy. 

Who was Dieskau's successor? 

The Marquis de Montcalm (mont-calim') succeeded 
Dieskau, as commander of the French forces in Can- 
ada. 

When was war formally declared between Great Britain and France? 

War was formally declared between Great Britain 
and France, in 1756, about two years after Washing- 
ton's first battle near the Great Meadows. 

What plan of military operations tvas arranged for 1756 ? 

In a convention of colonial governors held at Al- 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 101 

bany, early in the season of 1756, a plan was arranged 
for the reduction of Crown Point, Niagara, and Fort 
Duquesne. 

Was the plan carried out? 

No part of the plan was carried out, or even at- 
tempted. 

What did the French accomplish during the season ? 

Montcalm besieged the two forts at Oswego, drove 
the garrison out of one into the other, killed the com- 
mander, Colonel Mercer, and compelled the English 
to surrender as prisoners of war. 

What were the spoils of victory for the French ? 

Fourteen hundred prisoners ; a large amount of mil- 
itary stores, ammunition, and provisions ; six vessels 
of war ; and three chests of money fell into the hands 
of Montcalm. 

Did the French retain possession of Oswego ? 

After demolishing the two forts, Montcalm left Os- 
wego a solitude, and returned to Canada. 

Why were the forts demolished? 

The forts were demolished to allay the jealousy of 
the Indians. 

What depredations were committed by the Indians on the western fron- 
tier ? 

After the defeat of Braddock, the tribes of the Ohio, incited by French 
emissaries, desolated the western frontier, and killed or carried into 
captivity about a thousand of the inhabitants. 

Who was sent against them ? 

Colonel Armstrong, with a party of nearly three hundred provincials, 
was sent against them. 

What was the result ? 

The provincials surprised the Indians at Kit-ta-ning', their chief town, 
on the Alleghany river ; killed thirty or forty warriors ; and left their 
stronghold a smoking ruin. 

9* 



102 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

EVENTS OF 1151. 

What was Lord Loudon's plan of operations fur 175*7 ? 

Loudon's plan of operations for 1757, was limited to an expedition 
against Louisburg. 

How did lie proceed ? 

Loudon sailed from New York, with about six thousand men ; and 
was joined at Halifax, by a powerful naval armament and land force 
from England. 

What further account of the expedition can you give? 
Learning that the French at Louisburg were prepared for defence, 
Loudon abandoned the enterprise, and returned to New York. 

What operations did Montcalm commence against a fort on lake George ? 

With nine thousand men, two thousand of whom 
were Indians, Montcalm laid siege to Fort William 
Henry, commanded by Colonel Monroe, 

How was Fort William Henry situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
What defence did Monroe make? 

For six days Monroe kept up a vigorous defence, 
trusting to receive assistance from General Webb, 
who was in command of a large force at Fort Edward. 

How is Fort Edward situated? (See map, page 64.) 
What was the result of the siege? 

Receiving information that no assistance would be 
sent, Monroe surrendered the fort, capitulating that 
the garrison should have a safe escort to Fort Edward. 

Was the capitulation observed ? 

Just as the English had left the fort, the Indian 
allies of Montcalm, roused by the hope of plunder, 
attacked them, and massacred a large number. 

What became of the fort? 

Fort William Henry was demolished by order of 
Montcalm. 

What effect did the disgraces of the campaigns in America have upon 
the British government? 

In consequence of the disgraces of the American campaigns, a new 
administration of the British government was formed, with William 
Pitt, afterward Lord Chatham, as prime minister. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 103 

What change took place in the command of the British forces in Amer- 
ica ? 

Loudon was recalled, when the general command 
devolved on Abercrombie. 

EVENTS OF 1758. 
What expeditions were planned for 175S? 

The expeditions planned for 1758 were : one, under 
General Amherst, against Louisburg; another, under 
Abercrombie, against Ti-con-de-ro'-ga ; and a third, 
under General Forbes, against Fort Ducjuesne. 

How is Ticonderoga situated f (See map, page 64.) 
What is said of the importance of Louisburg ? 

In 1758, Louisburg had the strongest fortress in 
America, and was the rallying point of French power 
on the western continent. 

From what place did Amherst's army embark ? 

Amherst's army embarked from Halifax, in the 
fleet of Admiral Bos'-ca-wen. 

What was the result of the expedition? 

After a desperate resistance for more than forty 
days, the fortress surrendered by capitulation; and, 
with Louisburg, the whole island of Cape Breton, and 
that of St. John's fell into the hands of the British. 

What British officers distinguished themselves during the siege of Lou- 
isburg ? 

During the siege, James Wolfe {wool/) and Eichard 
Montgomery, both of whom were slain at Quebec, 
the one while fighting for his king, the other for the 
cause of liberty, distinguished themselves by their cour- 
age. 

What name was afterward given to St. John's? 

The English changed the name of St. John's Island 
to Prince Edward. 

During the events at the east, what ivas Abercrombie doing ? 

At the head of about sixteen thousand men, Aber- 



104 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

crombie proceeded against Ticonderoga, then occupied 
by Montcalm. 

What route did he take? 

He descended lake George, and debarking at its 
northern extremity, commenced his march through 
a dense forest toward the fort. 

What took place on the march? 

During the march a conflict took place with a de- 
tachment of the French, in which Lord Howe, an 
officer greatly beloved by the army and the colonists, 
was killed. 

Wh at further account can you give of the expedition ? 

Abercrombie ordered his troops to make the attack 
upon Ticonderoga; but after a desperate conflict of 
four hours, they were repulsed, with the loss of nearly 
two thousand in killed and wounded. 

To what place did Abercrombie then retire ? 

Abercrombie then retired with his forces, to the 
head of lake George. 

While there, what expedition was sent out ? 

Colonel Bradstreet, with a detachment of three 
thousand men, was sent against Fort Fron'-te-nac. 

What ivas the result? 

Bradstreet captured the fort, and with it, an im- 
mense amount of merchandise and military stores. 

Where ivas the fort situated ? 

Fort Frontenac was situated at the north-east ex- 
tremity of lake Ontario. The site of the old fort is 
now occupied by Kingston. 

Was Washington engaged in any of the expedtiions planned for 1758? 

Washington was an officer under Forbes, in the expedition against 
Fort Duquesne. 

What reverse did the expedition receive ? 

A scouting party from Forbes's expedition, commanded by Major 
Grant, was attacked near the fort, and defeated with the loss of three 
hundred men. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 105 

After this reverse, did Forbes continue to advance against the fort? 

Forbes's troops suffered so much from toil and the severity of the 
weather, that, in a council of war, it was determined to abandon the 
expedition. 

Was the determination carried out ? 

Receiving information of the weakness of the French garrison, they 
resumed the march, and reached Fort Duquesne to rind it in ruins, the 
French having set tire to it and retreated down the Ohio. 

Why had the French abandoned the fort? 

The destruction of Frontenac had left the garrison of Duquesne 
without hope of reinforcement and supplies. 

What was done with Fort Duquesne ? 

Fort Duquesne was repaired nnd garrisoned, and the name changed 
to Fort Pitt, in honor of the illustrious British statesman. 

EVENTS OF 1759. 

177*0 was Abercrombie's successor as commander-in-chief of the forces 
in America ? 

Abercrombie was succeeded, as commander-in-chief, 
by General Amherst, who had gained great favor by 
the reduction of Louisburg. 

What was the object of the camp>aign of 1 759 ? 

The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the 
reduction of Canada. 

What "plan of operations was adopted? 

General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst 
was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and then 
co-operate with Wolfe; while a third division, under 
General Prideaux {pre-do'), after capturing Niagara,- 
was to proceed against Montreal. 

How did the division under Prideaux succeed ? 

Niagara surrendered after a resolute defence, during 
which Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a shell. 

Did the division proceed against Montreal ? 

Sir William Johnson having succeeded to the com- 
mand, garrisoned Fort Niagara, and abandoned the 
design against Montreal. 



106 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

Did Amherst carry out his part of the plan ? 

On reaching Ticonderoga and Grown Point, Am- 
herst found both places deserted : he failed to co-oper- 
ate with Wolfe, and went into winter-quarters at 
Crown Point. 

What was the first movement of Wolfe against Quebec? 

With eight thousand men, Wolfe ascended the St. 
Lawrence, and landed his army upon the Isle of Or- 
leans, a few miles below Quebec. 

Who commanded Quebec at the time f 

Quebec was in command of the Marquis de Mont- 
calm, whose forces numbered thirteen thousand men. 

What measures were first attempted by Wolfe against the city? 

Wolfe established a battery at Point Levi, opposite 
Quebec, which, though it destroyed a number of build- 
ings, did but little injury to the defences of the city. 
He also made a daring, yet unsuccessful attempt on 
the French entrenchments. 

Failing in the first attempt, what next was done by Wolfe? 

During the night of the 12th of September, 1759, 
the English effected a landing near the city, and, 
climbing the steep banks of the river, by daybreak 
stood on the plains of Abraham, in battle array. 

What did Montcalm then do ? 

Learning with surprise the advantage gained by 
the English, Montcalm left his strong position, and at 
once attacked them. 

Whatfolloiued? 

A fierce and bloody battle followed, in which the 
French were defeated. 

What was the fate of the two commanders ? 

Wolfe fell, in the moment of victory, and Montcalm, 
mortally wounded in the action, expired soon after. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 107 

What were the consequences of the battle? 

The French, fearing a famine and dreading the hor- 
rors of an assault, surrendered the city live days after 
the battle. 

EVENTS OF 1760, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 
Did the French ever undertake to recover Quebec? 

In 1760, De Levi, the successor of Montcalm, made 
an attempt to recover the city ; but after a severe bat- 
tle fought three miles above Quebec, the English were 
reinforced, and De Levi was compelled to abandon 
the undertaking. 

What measures completed the conquest of Canada ? 

Amherst, with a large force, having invested Mon- 
treal, the governor, unable to resist him, signed a 
capitulation, by which not only Montreal, but the 
whole of Canada was surrendered into the hands of 
the English. 

When was the French and Indian War brought to a. close 1 

On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace be- 
tween Great Britain and France was signed at Paris. 

What territory did France cede to Great Britain ? 

France ceded to Great Britain all her American 
possessions east of the Mississippi, north of the Ib'-er- 
ville river in Louisiana. 

At the time of the treaty, what territory was ceded by Spain ? 

Spain ceded her possessions of East and West Flor- 
ida to Great Britain. 

Row long did the French and Indian War last? 

The French and Indian War lasted more than eight 
years. The first gun was fired in Washington's en- 
counter with Jumonville, in 1754, and the war was 
brought to a close by the treaty of 1763. 



108 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDEBS. 


VICTORS. 


English. | French. 


1754. 

May 28, 
July 4, 
1755. 
June 16, 
June 17, 
July 9, 

Sept. 8 j 

1756. 
Aug. 14, 

1757. 
Aug. 9, 

1758. 
July 6, 
July 8, 
Aug. 27. 
Sept. 21, 

1759. 
July 9, 
July 25, 
Sept. 13, 

1760. 
Apr. 28. 


Great Meadows 

Fort Necessity 


Washington . 
Washington . 


Jumonville. . 
De Villiers. . 


English. 
French. 

English. 
English. 

French. 
French. 

English. 


Fort Beausejour* .... 
Fort Gasperau* 


Monckton.. . 
Monckton . . 
Braddock. . . 
Williams. .. . 
Johnson. . . . 


De Yergor. . 
De Yillerai.. 
Heaujeu .... 

Dieskau. . . . 
Dieskau. . . . 


Near Lake George. . . 
Head of Lake Georgef 


Oswego 


Mercer 


Montcalm.. . 


French. 




Fort William Henry.. 


Monroe 


Montcalm... 


French. 


Near Ticonderoga. . . . 

Ticonderoga 

Fort Fronteuac 

Near Fort Duquesne . 


Howe 

Abererombie 
Bradstreet . . 
Grant 


De Trepesee. 
Montcalm. . . 
Nov en. 
Aubry, 


English. 
French. 
English. 
French. 


Montmorenci 

Fort Niagara 

Plains of Abraham. . . 


Wolfe 

Johnson .... 
Wolfe 


Montcalm. . . 

A ubry 

Montcalm. . . 


French. 
English. 
English. 


3 miles above Quebec . 


Murray 


De Levi . . 


French. 



What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
Upon 
What 
What 
What 



REYIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

treaty was made in 1 748 ? 92 

war did the treaty close ? 92 

important matter did the treaty leave unsettled ? 92 

extent of territory did the English claim ? 92 

did the French claim ? 92 

what ground did the English make their claim ? 92 

was the argument in support of the French claim?. . 92, 93 

was the cause of the French and Indian War? 93 

parties were involved in the war? 93 

* Situated at the head of the bay'of Fundy 

T Fort William Henry was afterward built on the spot. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 109 

PAGE 

] 0. What was the first hostile act of the French ? 93 

11. For what purposes was a grant ofland made to the Ohio Com- 

pany? 93 

12. Who was St. Pierre? 94 

13. Whom did Dinwiddie send to the French commander? 94 

14. How old was Washington at the time ? 94 

15. When and where was Washington born? (See table, page 268) 

16. Give an account of Washington's journey to and from Fort Le 

Boeuf? 94, 95 

17. Who was the Marquis Du Qnesne ? 94 

18. After Washington's return, what measures were at once taken? 95 

19. By whom was Fort Duquesne built ? 95 

20. Where was it situated ? 95 

21. What city now occupies the site of Fort Duquesne ? 

22. Give an account of the battle of the Great Meadows 95 

23. When did the battle of the Great Meadows occur? 95 

24. Why was Fort Necessity so named? 96 

25. Give an account of the battle of Fort Necessity 96 

26. How many and what expeditions were planned for 1755?. . . 97 

27. Give an account of the expedition under Braddock 98 

28. By what name is the battle fought on the 9th of July known ? ] 08 

29. At what distance from the battle-field did Braddock die?. ... 98 

30. Who, upon the death of Braddock. became commander-in-chief? 98 

31. Where was Fort Niagara situated? (See map. page 205.) 

32. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara 98 

33. What preparations were made by General Lyman ? 9S 

34. By what name was Fort Edward at first called ? Am. Fort 

Lyman. 

35. What was the first movement of General Johnson? 98, 99 

36. By what route did Dieskau approach from Canada ? 99 

37 . What Indian chief accompanied Williams to intercept Dieskau ? 99 

38. Give an account of the battle between Dieskau and Williams. 99 

39. Give an account of the battle between Dieskau and Lyman.. . 99 

40. How did Dieskau meet his death ? 99, 100 

41. By whom was Fort William Henry erected ? 100 

42. When and by whom was it demolished ? 102 

43. Where was the fort situated ? (See map, page 64.) 

44. What injustice was done to General Lyman ? 100 

45. Give an account of Monckton's expedition 97 

46. Who succeeded Shirley as commander-in-chief? 100 

10 



110 KEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

47. "Who succeeded Dieskau in the command of the French? 100 

48. What declaratory act was done in 1756? 100 

49. Give an account of Montcalm's operations at Oswego 101 

50. How is Oswego situated? (See map, page 64.) 

51. To what place did Montcalm lay siege in 1757 ? 102 

52. By whom was the fort commanded ? 102 

53. "Who, at the time, was in command of a neighboring fort?. ... 102 

54. Why did Colonel Monroe finally surrender? '. 102 

55. What took place after the surrender ? 102 

56. Who succeeded Loudon in the command of the British forces? 103 

57. Give an account of Amherst's expedition against Louisburg. . . 103 

58. What is said of Wolfe and Montgomery? 103 

59. What route did Abercrombie take for Ticonderoga? 104 

60. What loss did the English sustain during the march? 101 

61. What was the result of the expedition against Ticonderoga ? . . 104 

62. What success did Colonel Bradstreet meet with? 104 

63. How was Fort Frontenac situated ? (See map, page 04.) 

64. What city now occupies the site of old Fort Frontenac? 104 

65. To what position did General Amherst succeed? 105 

66. By what achievement had Amherst gained great favor ? 105 

67. What plan of operations was adopted against Canada? 105 

68. Give an account of the expedition under Amherst 106 

69. Give an account of the expedition under Prideaux 105 

70. Where had Johnson been previous^ engaged ? 98, 99 

71. On what island in the St. Lawrence did Wolfe land his men ?. 10G 

72. At what place was Montcalm in command? 106 

73. At what place did Wolfe establish a battery ? 106 

74. What was the result of W r olfe's first attempt against Quebec?. 106 

75. How did the English reach the plains of Abraham? 106 

76. Give an account of the battle that followed 106 

77. On what day did the battle take place? 106 

78. What was the fate of Wolfe and Montcalm? 106 

79. When did Quebec surrender to the English ? 107 

80. Why did it surrender ? 107 

81. What attempt to recover Quebec was made by the French?. . 107 

82. What final success, under Amherst, led to a treaty of peace ?. 107 

83. When was the treaty of peace made ? 107 

84. What was the result of the French and Indian War? 107 

85. How did Great Britain get possession of Florida? 107 



SECTION" I'V. 

The American Revolution. — Causes of the War. 

How did the French and Indian War affect the national debt of Great 
Britain f 

The expenses of the French and Indian War in- 
creased the national debt of Great Britain more than 
three hundred millions of dollars. 

What proposition did the British ministry make, under the circum- 
stances ? 

The British ministry proposed to draw a revenue 
from the colonies by taxation. 

What measure was accordingly adopted ? 

The Stamp Act was passed in 1765, by both houses 
of Parliament. 

Bid the Americans have any cause of complaint against Great Britain 
previous to die passage of the Stamp Act f 

The policy of Great Britain toward her American 
colonies was, from the beginning, unjust and illiberal ; 
and tended to produce a spirit of rebellion among the 
colonists. 

Who, at the time of the passage of the Stamp Act, was prime minister ? 

George Grenville was, at the time the Stamp Act 
was passed, prime minister of Great Britain. 

In what way did the British ministry undertake to justify the imposi- 
tion of taxing the colonies ? 

The ministry asserted that Great Britain had greatly 
increased her national debt in the defence of the col- 
onies, and therefore they ought to share its burdens. 



112 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

What reply did the colonists make ? 

It was maintained by the colonists, that the colonies 
had been founded at their own expense ; and that they 
had already contributed more than their fair propor- 
tion in defending themselves, while the advantages 
accruing from their preservation were shared by Eng- 
land in common with themselves. 

What great principle had the colonists invariably maintained? 

The colonists had invariably maintained that they 
could only be taxed by a legislature in which they 
were represented. 

Were they represented in the British Parliament ? 

They were not allowed to send representatives to 
the British Parliament. 

What were the provisions of the Stamp Act % 

By the provisions of the Stamp Act, all instru- 
ments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and notes, as 
well as printed pamphlets, newspapers, almanacs, etc., 
were to be executed on stamped paper, to be purchased 
from the agents of the British government. 

When the neios reached America that the Stamp Act had been passed, 
what effect was produced ? 

The news of the passage of the Stamp Act produced 
intense indignation throughout the country. 

Where was opposition to the measure first publicly shoiont 

The first burst of opposition appeared in the legis- 
lature of Virginia, where Patrick Henry distinguished 
himself by his bold and manly eloquence. 

What was done at the instigation of the Massachusetts Assembly ? 

A colonial Congress, composed of delegates from 
nine colonies, was held in New York, to consult for 
the general safety. 

Who was chosen president of the Congress ? 

Timothy Buggies, of Massachusetts, was chosen pres- 
ident. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 113 

What did the Congress do ? 

They adopted a Declaration of Rights, a, Petition to 
the King, and a Memorial to both Houses of Parliament. 
How were the stamp officers treated by the colonists? 

The stamp officers were menaced by the colonists, 
and compelled to resign. 

What became of the stamped paper ? 

All the stamped paper was either destroyed or con- 
cealed. 

Bow were business transactions affected ? 

For a time all transactions requiring stamps were 
entirely suspended; but at length business resumed 
its previous course, being conducted without stamps. 

What agreement did the colonial merchants enter into ? 

The merchants of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, 
and other places, agreed to import no more British 
goods while the Stamp Act remained a law. 

What effect did the opposition to the Stamp Act have f 

A change in the British Ministry occurring, Mr. 
Pitt and Lord Camden exerted themselves in oppo- 
sition to the obnoxious act, and it was repealed in the 
year after its enactment. 

How was the news of the repeal received in America ? 

The news of the repeal caused general joy through- 
out the colonies. 

Hid Parliament still claim the right to tax the colonies f 

Notwithstanding the repeal of the Stamp Act, Par- 
liament claimed the right to tax the colonies. 

What evidence icas given that Parliament continued to claim the right f 

At the time of the passage of the Repeal Bill, a 
Declaratory Act was also passed, which affirmed that 
Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. 

How was the right attempted to be exercised soon after f 

A bill was passed in 1767, for levying duties on 
10* 



114 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea, imported into 
the colonies. 

What other obnoxious acts were passed ? 

Two other obnoxious acts were passed; one for es- 
tablishing' a board of trade in the colonies, indepen- 
dent of colonial legislation; the other for suspending 
the legislative powers of New York, until the gover- 
nor and assembly thereof should furnish the king's 
troops with certain supplies. 

When news of tlie passage of the three obnoxious acts reached America 
what effect was produced? 

The news of the acts produced a revival of the same 
feelings which had been produced by the passage of 
the Stamp Act. 

What associations were formed? 

Non-importation associations were formed, the mem- 
bers of which were pledged not to import or use any 
articles of British production, subject to duty. 

What was done by the Massachusetts Assembly 1 

The Massachusetts Assembly issued a circular to 
the other colonial assemblies, asking their co-operation 
in efforts to obtain redress. 

Bid the assemblies respond ? 

Most of the assemblies adopted resolutions protest- 
ing against the odious enactments. 

How did the people of Boston act? 

The people of Boston resisted the enforcement of 
the new revenue law ; and repeated collisions took 
place between them and the custom-house officers. 

What did the proceedings in Boston incite the governor of Massachu- 
setts to do ? 

The governor of Massachusetts requested General 
Gage, the commander-in-chief of the British forces in 
America, to station troops in Boston, for the purpose 
of overawing the inhabitants. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 115 

What force accordingly arrived? 

Two regiments, numbering seven hundred men, 
arrived from Halifax, in September, 1708. 

What effect did the presence of the troops have? 

The presence of the troops still more exasperated 
the people; and affrays ensued, in one of which, called 
the "Boston Massacre," the soldiers fired upon the 
populace, killing three men, and wounding others. 

Before the news of the "Boston Massacre" reached England, what con- 
cession had been made by Parliament? 

An act was passed by Parliament, revoking all the 
duties laid in 1767, excepting that of three pence per 
pound on tea. 

Did the concessions of Parliament satisfy the Americans ? 

As the people of America were contending against 
the principle of " taxation without representation," and 
not against the amount of taxes imposed, the conces- 
sions of Parliament were not satisfactory. 

What can you say of the action of the Nbn- Importation Associations ? 

The Non-Importation Associations continued; but 
only as against the importation and use of tea. 

What was done with the tea brought to America? 

The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent 
back to London, without being landed ; in Charleston, 
it was stored in cellars, where it perished ; at Boston, 
it was thrown into the sea. 

Give an account of the destruction of the tea at Boston. 

At Boston, a party of men, disguised as Indians, 
boarded the ships on a cold moonlight night, in De- 
cember, of 1778, broke open the chests of tea, and 
emptied their contents into the water. 

Wliat retaliatory measure did Parliament adopt against Boston? 

In retaliation for destroying the tea, the Boston Port 
Bill was passed by Parliament. 



116 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Wliat was the object of the bill ? 

The object of the bill was to suspend all commercial 
transactions at Boston. 

What change at that time took place in the executive head of Massachu- 
setts ? 

General Gage became governor of Massachusetts. 

What did the tyrannical course of Parliament lead to? 

A general congress, The First Continental Congress, 
convened at Philadelphia, in September, 1774, to de- 
liberate on such measures as the united interests of the 
colonies might require. 

How many colonies were represented? 

There were fifty-one delegates present, representing 
all the colonies, except Georgia. 

Who icas chosen to preside ? 

Peyton Randolph of Virginia, was chosen president. 

What was the first public measure of the Congress? 

The Congress passed a resolution commending the 
conduct of the people of Massachusetts, in their oppo- 
sition to the obnoxious acts of Parliament. 

What else was done by the Congress ? 

The Congress made a declaration of rights ; recom- 
mended the suspension of all commercial intercourse 
with Great Britain ; and voted an address to the king, 
another to the people of Great Britain, and a memo- 
rial to the Canadians. 

How did the proceedings of the Congress affect General Gage ? 

Gage fortified Boston Neck ; and, seizing the mili- 
tary stores which the Americans had collected at 
Cambridge and Charlestown, he conveyed them to Bos- 
ton. 

What did the Massachusetts Assembly do ? 

The members of the Massachusetts Assembly re- 
solved themselves into a Provincial Congress, and 
adopted a plan for organizing the militia. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 117 

What preparations ivere made elseiohere in the colonies ? 

Military measures were adopted in other colonies, 
and the people were resolved to resist the oppressions 
attempted to be imposed by Great Britain. 

EVENTS OF 1775. 

What can you say of the military force stationed in Boston at the break- 
ing out of the Involution? 

A royal force of three thousand men, under General 
Gage, was stationed in Boston, during the early part 
of 1775. 

What was Gage's first important measure against the Americans ? 

Gage secretly dispatched a detachment of eight 
hundred men, under Colonel Smith and Major Pit- 
cairn, to destroy the military stores which the Amer- 
icans had collected at Concord, sixteen miles from 
Boston. 

Were the movements of the detachment as secret as intended? 

The alarm was given, and when the British reached 
Lexington, on the morning of the 19th of April, 1775, 
about seventy of the militia were drawn up under 
arms. 

What occurred at Lexington ? 

Pitcairn rode forward, and shouted to the militia: 
"Disperse, you rebels; throw down your arms, and 
disperse ;" but not being obeyed, he ordered his men 
to fire. Several of the militia were killed, and the 
rest dispersed. 

What occurred at Concord? 

The British proceeded to Concord, and destroyed 
all the stores that they could find ; but the militia of 
the country having begun to assemble, a skirmish took 
place, in which several were killed on both sides. 

What did Smith then think it prudent to do? 

Smith thought it prudent to return with his troops 
to Boston as speedily as possible. 



118 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Give an account of the retreat. 

The Americans pursued the retreating troops, keep- 
ing up a constant and destructive fire upon them. At 
Lexington, the British were joined by a reinforcement 
of nine hundred men, under Lord Percy ; the two de- 
tachments then marched rapidly to Charlestown, and 
the day following crossed over to Boston. 

What losses were sustained during the day ? 

The British lost in killed, wounded, and missing, 
about two hundred and eighty ; the Americans, about 
ninetjr. 

What was the effect of the battle f 

When the news of the battle of Lexington spread, 
the militia from all parts of New England hastened to 
join those of Massachusetts, in forming a camp in the 
neighborhood of Boston. 

To whom was the command of the camp given ? 

General Ar'-te-mas Ward, of Massachusetts, the 
commander of the camp, had received his appointment 
from the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts. 

W hat fortresses at the north did the Americans deem it important to 
secure ? 

It was deemed important to secure Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point. 

When and by whom were they captured? 

In May, 1775, a number of volunteers from Con- 
necticut and Vermont, under Colonel Ethan Allen 
and Benedict Arnold, captured both Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point. 

What ioos acquired by the capture ? 

A great supply of military and naval stores fell into 
the hands of the Americans. 

What ivas the condition of the British troops in Boston ? 

So closely were the British troops hemmed in by 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



119 



the American forces, that Boston began to experience 
the privations of a besieged city. 

What accessions did the British receive? 

Large reinforcements arrived from England, under 
Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton. 

W hat proclamation was then made? 

General Gage issued a proclamation, declaring all 
Americans in arms, rebels and traitors, and offering 
pardon to those who should lay down their arms, and 
return to their allegiance. 

Did Gage make any exceptions in his offer of pardon ? 

John Hancock and Samuel Adams were excepted; 
their offences being pronounced too great to admit of 
pardon. 



In what direction are 
they from Boston? 

Charlestown ? 
Bunker Hill ? 
Breed's Hill ? 
Cop's Hill ? 
Cambridge? 
Roxbury? 
Lechmere's Point ? 
Dorchester Heights ? 
Morton's Point? 

What isthmus connects 
Boston with the main- 
land ? 

What two hills on the 
Charlestown peninsu- 
la? 

What islands in Boston 
harbor? 



Scale 




BOSTON 
-vicixrrr 



Mfei 






I BREADS HILL ,; " 
-. .±-<^?r-~, ■^.-.■■-, ^' ■ ) Aocld 

Cambria v;i' y> -/Charlrstuwn/ 

J ■■ ■ r/ < "7 \r vK I>t. ".'■•',' ( •' 

7^=-^;t^T v 'cops h\ij.l\ 




\5 



P. os*r_02r.:))t. 



Jhr.t- J. V 

11 X Ji ft O 11 



■fifj # ^[/dORCHES7£RJH)EI&H7- ; \ 



^\^o^Stkbnrjp 




What project ivas determined upon in the American camp ? 

It was determined by the Americans to seize and 



120 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

fortify the heights of Charlcstown, opposite to the 
north side of Boston. 

Why was the project determined upon f 

The object was to anticipate the British, who had 
resolved upon offensive operations. 

What measures were accordingly taken by the Americans? 

On the evening of the 16th of June, 1775, Colonel 
Prescott was sent with a detachment of one thousand 
men to take possession of, and fortify Bunker Hill. 

Did Prescott comply with the order ? 

On attaining the heights, Prescott concluded to 
fortify Breed's Hill, it being nearer to Boston, and 
having a better command of the town and shipping. 

What was done by PrcscoWs force ? 

Every man of the thousand seized, in his turn, the 
pick axe and spade, and by the dawn of day, a strong 
redoubt was completed. 

What loas done to drive the Americans from their position ? 

The British, on discovering the redoubt, commenced 
a cannonade upon it, from vessels in the harbor, and 
from a battery on Cop's Hill, in Boston, but with 
little effect. 

What force was then sent against the Americans? 

Three thousand men, under Generals Howe and 
Pigot, crossed over to Charlestown. 

Had Prescott received any reinforcements ? 

Through the exertions of General Putnam, about 
five hundred men had been added to Prescott's de- 
tachment. 

What toanton destruction was effected by order of General Gage ? 

The British set fire to Charlestown, and, amid the 
glare of its flames, they advanced against the Amer- 
icans. 



AMEBIC AN" REVOLUTION. 121 

Give an account of the battle. 

Twice the British advanced to within a few rods of 
the redoubt, when the Americans each time opened 
upon them so deadly a fire that they were repulsed 
with heavy loss ; General Clinton, arriving with rein- 
forcements, the third charge of the British was success- 
ful, and the Americans, their ammunition being ex- 
hausted, were forced to retreat across Charlestown 
Neck. 

What losses were sustained by each party in the battle ? 

The British lost in killed and wounded more than 
a thousand men ; the Americans, about four hundred 
and fifty. 

What distinguished British, officer was among the hilled? 
Major Pitcairn, who, at Lexington, had shed the 
first blood in the Kevolution, was among the killed. 

What American officer fell? 

The Americans lost Joseph Warren, a distinguished 
patriot, and a most estimable man. 

Wliat was the effect of the battle upon the British ? 

Though the British had gained the ground con- 
tended for, the victory was more disastrous and humil- 
iating than an ordinary defeat. 

What was the effect upon the Americans ? 

The defeat had the effect of a triumph to the Amer- 
icans; it gave them confidence in themselves, and 
consequence in the eyes of their enemies. 

While these events were transpiring, what important convention teas 
held? 

The Second Continental Congress convened at Phila- 
delphia. 

What 'measures did the Congress adopt? 

Congress voted to raise an army of twenty thousand 
men, and unanimously elected George Washington 
comma nder-in-chief. 
11 



122 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

On what day was Washington elected ? 

Washington's election, as commander-in-chief, took 
place on the 15th of June, 1775, two days before the 
battle of Bunker Hill. 

How did Washington receive Ms appointment ? 

Washington received the appointment with dignity 
and modesty. He declined all compensation for his 
services, and only asked for the payment of his ex- 
penses. 

When and where did he take command of the army ? 

In July, 1775, Washington arrived at Cambridge, 
and took command of the army, which then numbered 
about fourteen thousand men. 

Who succeeded to the command of the British forces ? 

Gage was succeeded by Sir William Howe, in the 
command of the British forces in America. 

What difficulties did the people of Virginia have with their governor? 

Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, having 
seized some powder, and removed it to a vessel in the 
York river, Patrick Henry, at the head of a corps of 
volunteers, demanded and received compensation for 
the powder. 

What further account can you give of the troubles ? 

A force, consisting of British regulars, Tory volun- 
teers, and negroes, which had been collected by Dun- 
more, attacked a body of Virginia patriots near Nor- 
folk, but was defeated with great loss. 

What destruction ivas afterward effected ? 

The town of Norfolk was reduced to ashes, by order 
of Dunmore. 

What project of invasion was determined upon by Congress ? 

It was determined to invade Canada, and thereby 
prevent its being used by the British as a place of 
rendezvous and supply. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 123 

How ivas the invasion undertaken ? 

Two forces were sent ; one by the way of lake 
Ohamplain, under Generals Schuyler (shi'-ler) and 

Montgomery ; the other by the Kennebec river, under 
the command of Arnold. 

What can you say of Schuyler's operations? 

Schuyler proceeded as far as St. John's, on the 
Sorel river, but sickness compelling him to return to 
Albany, the command devolved upon Montgomery. 

What rash enterprise was undertaken by Colonel Ethan Allen ? 

With only eighty men, Allen crossed the St. Law- 
rence, to make an attack upon Montreal : he was de- 
feated, made prisoner, and sent to England in irons. 

What did Montgomery accomplish ? 

After taking Fort Chambly and St. John's, Mont- 
gomery proceeded to Montreal, which capitulated on 
the 13th of November, 1775. 

What was his next movement? 

He left garrisons in the places captured, and with 
the remnant of his army, consisting of only three hun- 
dred men, he marched toward Quebec. 

What had Arnold done in the mean time ? 

Arnold having performed a tedious march through 
the wilderness, appeared before Quebec; but not being 
sufficiently strong to attack the city, he retired twenty 
miles up the St. Lawrence, and there awaited the ap- 
proach of Montgomery. 

What plan was laid for the reduction of Quebec? 

The two forces united, numbering in all but nine 
hundred men, besieged Quebec for three weeks, with- 
out gaining any advantage ; it was then resolved to 
attempt the reduction by a general assault. 

What account can you give of the attempt? 
At dawn, on the last day of 1775, and, during a 
violent snow-storm, the American army in four col- 



124 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

umns, advanced to the assault; but the attempt was 
unsuccessful. Montgomery was among the first who 
fell, and Arnold was severely wounded. After a con- 
test of several hours, the remnant of the army, under 
Morgan, was forced to surrender. 

What did Arnold do after the battle ? 

Arnold took command of the troops that had ef- 
fected a retreat, and, in an encampment a short dis- 
tance from Quebec, passed a rigorous winter. 

How did the expedition into Canada terminate? 

By the middle of June, 1776, the Americans, having 
been compelled to relinquish one fort after another, 
had entirely evacuated Canada. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What war, carried on mostly in America previous to the Revo- 

lution, greatly increased the debt of Great Britain ? Ill 

2. In what way was it proposed to lighten the burden of debt 

thus increased ? Ill 

3. What policy had Great Britain pursued from the first toward 

her colonies ? , Ill 

4. What act was passed by Parliament in 1765 ? Ill 

5. What was asserted by the British ministry as a reason for tax- 

ing the colonies ? Ill 

6. What did the colonists maintain, in reply to the assertion?. . . 112 
?. What great principle maintained by the colonists was violated 

by the Stomp Act ? 112 

8. What did the act require? 112 

9. Who, in Virginia, was particularly bold to denounce the act?. 112 

10. What Congress was held in New York ? 112 

11. At whose instigation had the Congress been called ? 112 

12. To what position was Timothy Ruggles chosen? 112 

13. What was the result of the deliberations of the Congress?. . . 113 
14-. In what way was the carrying out of the Stamp Act prevented ? 113 
15. In what year was the Stamp Act repealed ? 113 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 125 

PAGE 

1 6. Why was it repealed ? 113 

17. What right did the British Parliament still claim ? 113 

18. What act was passed when the Stamp Act was repealed ? . . . . 113 

19. What bill was passed by Parliament in 1767 ?• 113, 1 II 

20. What other obnoxious bills were also passed? Ill 

21. How did the colonists discourage the importation or use of 

articles subject to duty ? Ill 

22. How did the colonial assemblies manifest their opposition to 

the odious enactments of Parliament ? 114 

23. Where was the opposition to the revenue law greatest? 114 

24. What request did the governor of Massachusetts make of Gen- 

eral Gage ? 114 

25. From what place and when did the troops arrive? 115 

26. Give an account of the " Boston Massacre.'" 115 

27. What concession was made by Parliament in 1767? 115 

28. Why was not the concession satisfactory to the colonists ?. . . . 115 

29. What was done with the tea sent to New York?. . 115 

30. What, with the tea sent to Philadelphia? 115 

31. What, with the tea sent to Charleston? 115 

32. What, with the tea sent to Boston ? 115 

33. Give an account of the operations of the "Boston Tea Party." 115 

34. Why was the Boston Port Bill passed ? 115 

35. What was intended to be accomplished by the bill? 116 

36. To what civil position was General Gage appointed ? 116 

37. What convention was held at Philadelphia in 1774 ? 11 6 

38. How many delegates were in attendance ? 116 

39. For what purpose did they convene ? 116 

40. Which colony was not represented ? 116 

41. To what position was Peyton Randolph chosen? 116 

42. What resolution of commendation did the Congress pass?. ... 116 

43. What were the further proceedings of the Congress ? 116 

44. Where was there a large body of royal troops stationed, in the 

early part of 1775? 117 

45. On what mission were Smith and Pitcairn sent ? 117 

46. In what direction is Concord from Boston? (See map, page 38.) 

47. What town is on the route between Boston and Concord? 

48. When did the battle of Lexington take place ? 117 

49. What took place at Concord ? 117 

50. By whom were the British joined on their retreat? 118 

51. Was there any fighting, besides at Lexington and Concord?. . 118 

11* 



120 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

52. What was the loss of the British daring the day ? 118 

53. What was the loss of the Americans ? 118 

54. Did the British retreat at once to Boston ? 1 IS 

55. In what direction is Boston from Gharlestown? (See map, p. 1 19.) 

56. After the battle of Lexington, what general movement was 

made by the militia of the New England colonies? 118 

57. To what position was General Ward chosen ? 118 

58. By whom was he chosen to that position? 113 

59. What did Allen and Arnold accomplish at the North ? 118 

60. How were the two forts situated ? (See map, page 61.) 

61. What three officers arrived with reinforcements for Gage? ... 119 

62. What proclamation did Gage issue ? 119 

63. What two persons were excepted in the offer of pardon ?. . . . 119 

64. Why were they excepted ? 119 

65. What was done by Prescott on the night of June 16th, 1775? 120 

66. When the British, in the morning, discovered the works on 

Breed's Hill, how. did they commence operations? 1 20 

67. What force next crossed over to Charlestown ? 120 

68. What destruction did the British effect at Charlestown? 120 

69. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill 120, 121 

70. What befell General Warren ? 121 

71. At what place did the Second Continental Congress convene?. 121 

72. What important election was made by the Congress ? 121 

73. What announcement did Washington make, as to compensa- 

tion? 122 

74. To what place did Washington proceed after his election ?. . . 122 

75. Who succeeded Gage in the command of the British forces?. . 122 

76. Give an account of the troubles with Lord Dunmore? 122 

77. What forces proceeded against Canada in 1775 ? 123 

78. How far did Schuyler proceed with his force ? 123 

79. Why did he return to Albany ? 123 

80. Upon whom did his command then devolve ? . . . , 123 

81. What can you state of Allen's attempt against Montreal?. . . . 123 

82. What three places did Montgomery get possession of? 123 

83. When did Montreal capitulate to him ? 123 

84 Toward what place did Montgomery then march ? 123 

85. What, in the mean time, had Arnold accomplished ? 123 

86. What did the united forces of Montgomery and Arnold then 

undertake ? 123 

87. For how long a time did the two forces besiege Quebec? 123 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 

EVENTS OF m6. 
With what force did Washington keep the British shut up in Boston? 

Washington's army had dwindled to less than ten 
thousand men ; but through the exertions of Con- 
gress and himself, it was augmented to fourteen 
thousand before the close of February, 177b\ 

What movement was Washington urged to make ? 
Congress urged Washington to attack the British, 
and, if possible, drive them from Boston. 

What had Washington proposed to his officers? 

In a council of his officers, Washington had pro- 
posed a direct assault, but they decided unanimously 
against it. 

What was Washington 's first offensive movement? 

Ill one night, he caused a line of fortifications to 
be erected on Dorchester Heights, which completely 
commanded the city and harbor of Boston. 

Hoio ivas the British general affected upon seeing the work ? 

Howe saw that he must at once dislodge the Amer- 
icans from the heights, or evacuate Boston. 

What decision did he make ? 

He resolved on an attack ; but a violent storm pre- 
vented the attempt, till the Americans were too 
strongly fortified to be dislodged. 

What then did the British determine upon? 

It was determined, in a council of w r ar, to evacuate 
the city as soon as possible. 

Wliat agreement was made between Washington and Howe ? 

It was informally agreed that the British should be 
allowed to embark, without being molested from the 
American batteries, upon condition that they would 
not set fire to the city. 

What can you say of the departure of the British ? 

On the 17th of March, 1776, the British troops, 



128 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

accompanied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, 
evacuated Boston, and sailed for Halifax. 

During the siege of Boston, what expedition ivas dispatched by the Brit- 
ish t 

A secret expedition was dispatched from Boston, 
conducted by Sir Henry Clinton. 

What did Washington do in consequence f 

Surmising that the expedition was destined against 
New York, he gave General Charles Lee authority to 
raise volunteers in Connecticut, and march to the pro- 
tection of the city. 

What coincidence occurred ? 

On the very day of Lee's arrival in New York, 
Clinton appeared off Sandy Hook, just outside the 
harbor. 

What course did Clinton then take ? 

Foiled in his attempt against New York, Clinton 
sailed to the South, and was joined by Sir Peter 
Parker, who had arrived from England with a large 
fleet. 

What city did Clinton proceed against? 

The united forces under Clinton and Parker pro- 
ceeded against Charleston, in South Carolina. 

Were the people of Carolina unprepared ? 

The people had received intelligence of the in- 
tended attack, and were not unprepared. 

What preparations had been made ? 

Charleston had been fortified at various points. A 
fort of Palmetto wood, erected on Sullivan's Island, 
and defended by about five hundred men, under 
Colonel Moultrie (mole'-tre), commanded the channel 
leading to the town. 

What officer, arriving at Charleston, took the general command f 

General Lee, who had been appointed to command 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



129 



the American forces in the South, arrived from the 
North, and marched his troops into Charleston. 



Between what two rivers 

is Charleston situated? 
How is Sullivan's Island 

situated f 
What island north-east 

of Sullivan's Island? 
What fort on Sullivan's 

Island ? 
What other forts are in 

Charleston harbor? 
What fort on James 

Island ? 




TICINITrOF 

CHARLESTON 



Give an account of the 
attack made by Clin- 
ton and Parker ? 

A combined at- 
tack by land and 
water, upon Sulli- 
van's Island was commenced on the morning of the 
28th of June, 1776. After a conflict of nine hours, 
during which Clinton was foiled in his attempt to 
reach the island, and the British ships were much 
shattered, the vessels drew off, and abandoned the 
enterprise. 

For what j)lace did the fleet set sail? 

The fleet sailed for the vicinity of New York, where 
a large British force had been ordered to assemble. 

After the British had evacuated Boston, where did Washington go ? 

Washington set out with most of his army for New 
York, conjecturing it to be Howe's destination from 

Boston. 

While danger was gathering round New York, what was Congress do- 
ing? 

Congress was discussing the resolution offered on 



130 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

the 7th of June, 1776, by Richard Henry Lee, of 
Virginia. 

Can you repeat Lee's resolution ? 

" Resolved, That these united colonies are, and of 
right ought to be free and independent states ; that 
they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
crown, and that all political connection between them 
and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, 
totally dissolved." 

How long did Congress continue the discussion ? 

The first discussion continued for three days, when 
the further consideration of the subject was postponed 
to the 1 st of July. 

In the mean time, what committee ivas appointed ? 

Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Frank- 
lin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston were 
appointed a committee to draft a Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

Which member of the committee prepared the document? 

It was prepared by Thomas Jefferson, chairman of 
the committee. 

What further action did Congress take ? 

Lee's resolution was passed by a large majority, on 
the 2d day of July ; and the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence was unanimously adopted on the 4th of July, 
1776. 

How was the Declaration received by the people ? 

Everywhere the Declaration was received with 
demonstrations of joy. 

What soon overclouded the joy of the patriots of New York ? 

The British under General Howe, who had arrived 
from Halifax, were gathering in large numbers at 
Staten Island, in the vicinity of New York. 

How is Staten Island situated? (See map, page 46.) 



AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. 131 

By whom was Howe joined at Statm Island? 

General Howe was joined by his brother, Admiral 
Lord Howe, from England ; and by Clinton, from the 
South ; these, w T ith other arrivals, soon increased his 
army to thirty-five thousand men. 

What hireling force was included in his army ? 

A body of Germans, hired of the Landgrave of 
Hes'-se Cas'-sel and other petty German rulers, con- 
stituted a large part of Howe's army. 

By what name were the German troops generally known ? 

They were generally called Hes'-sians. 

With what design were the British concentrating their forces in the vi- 
cinity of New York ? 

The design of the British was, to seize New York 
and the country along the Hudson river, establish a 
communication with Canada, separate the ISTew Eng- 
land from the other states, and overrun the populous 
portions of the revolted colonies. 

What forces were at the command of Washington? 

Twenty-seven thousand men were enrolled in 
Washington's army, but many of them being sick, 
and a large number without arms, his effective force 
did not amount to more than seventeen thousand men. 

What special powers were vested in Lord Hoive and his brother, for the 
restoration of peace ? 

Lord Howe and his brother were commissioned 
to grant pardons to all who would return to their 
allegiance. 

In what ways did they undertake to make their powers known ? 

They undertook to make known their powers by 
a proclamation addressed to the people, and by let- 
ters to Washington. 

Did Washington receive the letters addressed to him ? 

Washington did not receive the letters addressed 
to him. 



132 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Why did he refuse the letters ? 

Because they did not recognize his public position. 

What, thereupon, did the British commanders determine to do ? 

It was determined by the British to strike an effec- 
tive blow, without farther delay. 

What were the first steps taken by them ? 

They landed on the western end of Long Island, 
and advanced in three divisions by three different 
, roads, toward the American camp at Brooklyn, then 
under the command of Putnam. 

What waters surround Long Island ? (See map, page 46.) 

How is Brooklyn situated? (See map, page 46.) 

In what fatal position were the Americans soon placed? 

While two of the British divisions were engaging 
the Americans in front, the third, under Clinton, 
having taken a circuitous route, fell upon their rear. 

What was the result of the battle ? 

Some of the Americans, by a desperate effort, cut 
their way through the host of foes; but a great 
many were either killed or taken prisoners. 

What losses tuere sustained by each party ? 

The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners, was nearly two thousand ; that of the 



g 



What officers did the Americans lose ? 

The Americans lost General Sullivan and Lord 
Stirling ; both of whom were taken prisoners. 

When was the battle fought? 

The battle of Long Island was fought on the 27th 
of August, 1776. 

What did the remnant of Vie American army at Brooklyn do after the 
battle ? 

The Americans, after the battle, made good their 
retreat to New York. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 133 

What account can you give of the retreat? 

On the night of the 29th of August, while a heavy 
fog was hanging over Brooklyn, and concealing the 
movements of the Americans, the troops were em- 
barked under Washington's supervision, and they all 
crossed over to New York in safety. 

What can you say of the character of the retreat? 

The retreat was one of the most signal achieve- 
ments of the war, and redounded greatly to the repu- 
tation of Washington. 

What teas soon evident as to the intention of the British? 

It was evident that the British meant to encompass 
the American army on the island of New York. 

When the intention of the British became apparent, what course did 
Washington take? 

Washington called a council of his officers, and, 
influenced by their opinion, he abandoned New York, 
and retreated to the Heights of Harlem. 

What ineffectual attempt did he make to get information of the British ? 

He attempted to ascertain the condition of the 
British army, by engaging Captain Nathan Hale, of 
Connecticut, to visit their camp on Long Island. 

What account can you give of the attempt ? 

Hale reached the British camp and obtained the 
information desired, but on his return w r as arrested. 
He was then taken to Howe's head-quarters, and, 
without even the form of a regular trial, was executed 
as a spy. 

What important affair occurred in the upper part of New York island? 

A skirmish took place between detachments of the 
two armies in the upper part of New York island, in 
which the Americans drove the British from the field. 

What officers did the Americans lose in the skirmish ? 

The Americans lost Colonel Knowlton and Major 
Leitch, their principal officers engaged. 
12 



134 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Why was the affair important ? 

The affair was important, inasmuch as it was the 
first gleam of success in the campaign, and revived 
the spirits of the army. 

What was Howe's next object ? 

Howe made an attempt to get above Washington's 
army, and destroy his communication with the east- 
ern states. 

In what way did he make the attempt ? 

While three frigates were sent up the Hudson to 
cut off the American communication with New Jer- 
sey, Howe passed through the strait at the east of 
New York island, and landed the greater part of his 
army in Westchester county, beyond the Harlem 
river. 

How did Washington meet these movements ? 

Washington withdrew the greater part of his army 
from New York island, and fixed his head-quarters 
at White Plains. 

How is White Plains situated ? (See map, page 46.) 
What action took place at White Plains ? 

A partial engagement took place at White Plains, 
on the 28th of October, 1776, in which the Americans 
were defeated. 

What change in the position of the American forces followed the action ? 

Washington withdrew his forces to the hills of 
.North Castle, about five miles north of White Plains. 

What can you say of the movements of Howe ? 

Howe, instead of following Washington, turned 
his attention to the American posts on the Hudson, 
with the apparent design of invading New Jersey 
and marching against Philadelphia. 

What did Washington do under the circumstances? 

Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North 
Castle, and another, under Colonel Magaw, at Fort 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 135 

Washington, lie crossed the Hudson with the main 
bodj r of his army, and joined General Greene at 
Fort Lee. 

Huw is North Castle situated? (See map, page 46.) 

How was Fort Lee situated ? 

Fort Lee was situated in New Jersey, on the west 
bank of the Hudson, about ten miles north of the 
city of New York. 

Row was Fort Washington situated ? 

Fort Washington was situated on New York island, 
on the east bank of the Hudson, about eleven miles 
above the city. 

What account can you give of the attach on Fort Washington ? 

On the 16th of November, 1776, the British at- 
tacked Fort Washington ; and, although they were 
successful, the victory cost them a thousand men. 

What took place two days after ? 

Cornwallis, with six thousand men, crossed the 
Hudson, and took possession of Fort Lee, which the 
Americans had abandoned on his approach. 

What can you say of Washington's retreat? 

Pursued by Cornwallis, Washington retreated 
through New Jersey, and early in December crossed 
the Delaware with his diminished and disheartened 
army. 

To what place did Congress adjourn ? 

Congress, in session when Washington reached 
Philadelphia, soon after adjourned to Baltimore. 

What misfortune befell the Americans in Rhode Island? 

A British squadron, under Sir Peter Parker, took 
possession of the island of Rhode Island, and block- 
aded the American fleet in Providence river. 

Who was in command of the American fleet ? 

Commodore Hopkins, of Rhode Island, commanded 
the American fleet. 



136 AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. 

What happened to General Lee ? 

Lee, having entered New Jersey and incautiously 
taken quarters at a distance from his detachment, was 
surprised and taken prisoner by a scouting party of 
the British. 

What was done with his detachment ? 

His detachment was conducted by General Sullivan 
to Washington's camp across' the Delaware. 

How had the Americans recovered General Sullivan ? 

Sullivan and Stirling, both captured by the British 
at the battle of Long Island, were recovered by ex- 
change of prisoners. 

What feelings prevailed among the patriots at that time? 

Feelings of gloom and despondency prevailed, 
owing to the reverses which the army had sustained. 

By what brilliant achievement did Washington revive the spirits of his 
countrymen? 

On the night of the 25th of December, 1776, 
Washington crossed the Delaware with twenty-four 
hundred men, and at eight o'clock on the morning of 
the 26th, attacked a body of Hessians stationed at 
Trenton. 

IIoiv is Trenton situated? (See map, page 71.) 

Were the Americans successful ? 

The Americans were successful. Rahl, the Hessian 
commander, was mortally wounded ; between thirty 
and forty of his men were slain, and nearly a thou- 
sand were made prisoners. 

What ivas WasJungiori's loss in the expedition? 

Washington lost only four men ; two of whom fell 
in the engagement, and two were frozen to death. 

To what place did Washington retire after the battle ? 

Conscious that he could not hold Trenton against 
the superior force which the British general could 
concentrate there in a few hours, Washington recrossed 
the Delaware with his prisoners and spoils. 



AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. 137 

What were the effects of Washington's victory ? 

The victory at Trenton restored confidence to the 
Americans, while it startled and mortified the British. 

What did Washington's success at Trenton encourage him to do? 

Washington, encouraged by his success at Trenton, 
and finding his army strengthened very much by new 
recruits, resolved to act on the offensive. 

In what positions were the two armies at the close of 1176 ? 

Washington, having again crossed the Delaware, 
was posted at Trenton, while the British were assem- 
bled in great force at Princeton, only ten miles dis- 
tant. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGK 

1. How did Washington commence operations against the British 

at Boston? 127 

2. What was the result? 127 

B. By whom was the expedition against Charleston commanded? 128 

4. How was Charleston defended? 128, 129 

5. When did Clinton and Parker make their attack ? 129 

6. What was the result ? 129 

7. Give an account of the proceedings in Congress that led to the 

Declaration of Independence 129, 130 

8. What forces of the enemy gathered at Staten Island ? 129,130,131 

9. Where were Washington and his army at the time? 129 

10. How large was Washington's army then? 131 

11. What letters did Lord Howe and his brother address to Wash- 

ington? 131 

12. With what result, and why? 131, 132 

13. How did the British proceed against the American camp at 

Brooklyn? 132 

14. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 132 

15. Give an account of Washington's retreat to New York 133 

16. What was the next design of the British? 133 

17. How did Washington frustrate them ? 133 

12* 



138 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

18. State the case of Captain Nathan Hale 133 

19. Give an account of the battle of White Plains 134 

20. To what place did Washington withdraw his forces after the 

battle of White Plains ? 134 

21. To what objects did Howe turn his attention ? 134 

22. What seemed to be his design in so doing? 134 

23. Where did Washington leave detachments of his army? 134 

24. To what place did Washington then proceed? 135 

25. What fort was opposite Fort Lee? (See map, page 46.) 

26. G-ive an account of the battle of Fort Washington 135 

27. What fort next fell into the hands of the British? 135 

28. Through what state did Washington retreat? 135 

29. By whom was he pursued? 135 

30. At what place did Washington find Congress in session? 135 

31. To what place did Congress soon after adjourn? 135 

32. What did the British, under Parker, effect at Rhode Islaud? . 135 

33. What officer was surprised and captured by the British? 136 

34. Upon Lee's capture, what did Sullivan do? 136 

35. By what act had Sullivan been restored to the Americans?. .. 136 

36. What other officer was, in like manner, restored? 136 

37. Where had the British captured Sullivan ana Stirling? 136 

38. What was done by Washington, on Christmas night of 1776?. 136 

39. What force of the enemy was stationed at Trenton? 136 

40. Who were the Hessians? 131 

41. On what river is Trenton situated ? ) (See map, 

42. In what direction is Trenton from Philadelphia? \ page 71.) 

43. Who was in command of the Hessian force at Trenton? 136 

44. How did the battle of Trenton commence? 136 

45. On what day was it fought? 136 

46. What officer of the enemy was mortally wounded? 136 

47. How many of Raid's troops were slain ? 136 

48. How many prisoners were made by the Americans? 136 

49. How many Americans fell in the battle ? 136 

50. How was the death of two others caused ? 136 

51. Why did not Washington continue to hold Trenton? 136 

52. What course did he consequently pursue? 136 

53. How did the victory at Trenton affect the Americans? 137 

54. How did it affect the British ? 137 

55. After the victory, how did Washington resolve to act? 137 

56. To what place did he accordingly take post? 137 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 139 

EVENTS OF im. 
What force did Washington have at Trenton in the beginning of 1111 ? 

After being joined by troops under Generals Mif- 
flin and Cadwallader, Washington's whole force at 
Trenton on. the 1st of January, 1777, did not exceed 
five thousand men. 

Wliat took place there on the following day ? 

Cornwallis arrived toward evening with a strong 
force from Princeton : after making several attempts 
to cross the stream which runs through the town, and 
being as often repulsed by the Americans, he con- 
cluded to defer hostilities until the arrival of rein- 
forcements in the morning. 

How is Princeton situated? (See map, page 71.) 

Wliat can you say of the situation in which Washington ivas then placed? 

Washington's situation was extremely critical. To 
retreat across the Delaware, which was then very 
much obstructed by floating ice, or to remain and 
risk a battle with a superior force, appeared full of 
danger. 

In that situation, ivhat scheme did Washington adopt ? 

Leaving his camp-flres burning, he marched by a 
circuitous route toward Princeton, intending to sur- 
prise and attack the British troops left there. 

How did he succeed? 

At sunrise on the 3d of January, 1777, the van 
of his forces encountered, near Princeton, a part of the 
British troops already on their march to join Clinton. 
At first the American militia gave way, but Wash- 
ington, coming up with a select corps, turned the tide 
of battle, and routed the enemy. 

Wliat losses were sustained by each party ? 

The loss of the British in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the 
Americans did not exceed thirty. 



140 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

What estimable officer did the Americans lose ? 

The Americans lost General Mercer, who was mor- 
tally wounded. 

What place did Washington make his winter-quarters ? 

Washington's army encamped at Morristown dur- 
ing the first months of 1777 : in the spring he re- 
moved the camp to Middlehrook. 

Who had been sent abroad to solicit aid for the United States? 

Early in 1776, Congress sent Silas Deane to France 
to solicit aid for the "United States. Deane was after- 
ward joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthur Lee. 

How were their efforts rewarded ? 

France hesitated to extend any open assistance, bnt 
secretly aided the Americans by loans and gifts of 
money, and by supplies of arms, provisions, and 
clothing. 

What assistance ivas rendered by a French nobleman ? 

The Marquis de Lafayette fitted out a vessel at his 
own expense, and, in the spring of 1777, arrived in 
America. He joined the army of Washington as a 
volunteer without pay ; but was soon after appointed 
by Congress a major-general. 

What expedition was undertaken by the British toward the close of April, 
1111? 

General Tryon, late royal governor of New York, 
landed in Connecticut with a force of two thousand 
men, marched against Danbury, destroyed the stores 
which had been collected there by the Americans, and 
burned the town. 

How is Banbury situated? (See map, page 46.) 
What did Tryon do after destroying Danbury ? 

Fearing an attack from the militia, who were as- 
sembling in great force, he retreated to his shipping 
in the Long Island Sound. 

What occurred during his retreat? 

During the retreat he was repeatedly harassed by 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 141 

detachments of the Americans commanded by Gener- 
als Wooster, Arnold, and Silliman. 

What losses were sustained by each party during the expedition? 

Try on lost nearly three hundred men : the loss of 
the Americans was much less, but Wooster was among 
the killed. 

How was the destructive expedition against Danbury retaliated by the 
Americans ? 

Colonel Meigs, with a party of Connecticut militia, 
crossed Long Island Sound, destroyed the British 
shipping and stores at Sagg Harbor, on the east end 
of Long Island, and carrying off ninety prisoners, 
returned to Connecticut without the loss of a man. 

What exploit was performed by Barton in Rhode Island? 

Colonel Barton, with a party of resolute men, at 
night crossed Narragansett bay in whale-boats, cap- 
tured General Prescott, the commander of the British 
troops on the island of Rhode Island, and returned safe 
to the mainland with his prisoner. 

What scheme did Howe endeavor to carry out in New Jersey f 

Howe endeavored to draw Washington from his 
camp at Middlebrook, and bring on a general en- 
gagement. 

Where did Howe collect his forces ? 

He concentrated the main body of his army at 
New Brunswick, within ten miles of Washington's 
camp. 

How is New Brunswick situated f (See map, page 71.) 
Wliat further can you tell of the scheme ? 

Howe did not succeed ; but, in one of his attempts, 
a skirmish took place between a corps under Corn- 
wallis {eom-wol f -lis) and Stirling's brigade, in which 
the British had the advantage. 

To what place did the British withdraw f 

Howe withdrew his troops to Staten Island; and 



142 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

thus Left Washington in complete possession of New 
Jersey. 

What were Howe's next movements ? 

Leaving a force at New York under Clinton, Howe 
embarked eighteen thousand of his troops on board 
the fleet commanded by his brother, Lord Howe, and 
then put to sea. 

What was his design ? 

His design was to get possession of Philadelphia. 

Wliat can you say of his progress ? 

When at the capes of the Delaware he was in- 
formed of the measures taken by the Americans to 
obstruct the navigation of the river : he then deter- 
mined to make for Chesapeake bay, and in that way 
approach as near as possible to Philadelphia. 

At what place did he disembark? 

He landed his army at a point on the Elk river, 
about twenty miles from Philadelphia. 

What battle was fought on his march to Philadelphia ? 

Washington attempting to prevent Howe's march, 
the battle of Brandywine was fought on the 11th of 
September, 1777. 

What account can you give of the battle ? 

The British in two divisions advanced to attack 
Washington, who had taken a position at Chad's 
Ford, on Brandywine creek. While one division, 
under Knyphausen (nip- how' 'sen), made a direct at- 
tack upon the left wing of the Americans, the other 
division, under Howe and Cornwallis, crossing the 
stream several miles above, fell upon their right. The 
Americans defended themselves with great valor, but 
were at length forced to give way. 

What two celebrated foreigners served with the Americans in the battle? 

Lafayette, who was severely wounded, and Pulaski 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 143 

{pu-las'-ke), a Polish nobleman, served with the 
Americans in the battle. 

What losses resulted to each party by the battle ? 

The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners, was full twelve hundred men ; that of the 
British was about five hundred. 

To what place did the America,ns retreat? 

During the night after the battle the Americans 
retreated to Chester, and next day to Philadelphia. 

Did Washington make any other effort to save Philadelphia f 

Washington recrossed the Schuylkill (skooU-kilV), re- 
solved to seek the British and give them battle. The 
two armies met and were on the point of engaging, 
but were prevented by a violent storm of rain. 

What befell Wayne ? 

General Wayne had been detached with about fif- 
teen hundred men, to get in the rear of the enemy 
and cut off Howe's baggage train ; but when near 
Paoli (p&o'-le) he was surprised by a midnight attack, 
and defeated with great loss. 

What was Washington' 1 s next movement? 

Washington abandoned Philadelphia, and took a 
position at Pottsville, that he might the better pro- 
tect his extensive magazine and the military stores 
at Reading {red'-ing). 

When did Howe enter Philadelphia? 

Howe entered Philadelphia on the 26th of Septem- 
ber, 177T. 

What disposition did he make of his forces ? 

Howe prepared to make Philadelphia his winter- 
quarters, while he encamped the main body of his 
army at Germantown, four miles distant. 

What took place at Germantown ? 

Washington, learning that a strong detachment of 



144 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

the British had left for the reduction of Forts Mifflin 
and Mercer, attacked the force remaining at German- 
town, but, after a severe action, the Americans were 
repulsed with a loss double that of the British. 

What was the loss of the Americans f 

The loss of the Americans, in killed, w T oimded, and 
prisoners, was about a thousand men. 

When was the battle fought 9 

The battle of Germantown was fought on the 4th 
of October, 1777. 

Did the British succeed in their operations against Forts Mifflin and 
Mercer? 

The two forts on the Delaware, Mifflin and Mercer, 
were attacked on the 22d of October, 1777. Two 
thousand Hessian troops, under Count Donop, assailed 
Fort Mercer, but were repulsed after losing their com- 
mander and four hundred of their number. A naval 
force attacked Fort Mifflin, but at first without suc- 
cess. In a few clays the British renewed their opera- 
tions, and, after a series of assaults by land and water, 
the fort was abandoned. Fort Mercer was also aban- 
doned soon after. 

Where did the army of Washington quarter during the winter ? 

Washington quartered his troops during the winter 
of 1777-8, at Valley Forge, situated on the west side 
of the Schuylkill, about twenty miles from Philadel- 
phia. 

What can you say of their condition there ? 

They suffered greatly for want of food, clothing, 
and comfortable quarters; and many of the officers 
resigned in consequence of not receiving their pay. 
A general gloom hung over the whole army. 

What intrigues, coming to the knowledge of Washington, contributed to 
make his encampment at Valley Forge still more gloomy ? 

A faction, subsequently known as ''Conway's Cabal," undertook to 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 145 

depreciate the military character of Washington, in comparison with 
that of General Gates, with the design of placing Gates at the head of 
the army. 

Whence did the cahal derive its name f 

"Conway's Cabal" was so called from Thomas Conway, a major-gen- 
eral in the American army, who rendered himself prominent in the 
conspiracy against Washington. He was of foreign birth. 

What credit was unjustly given to Gates ? 

Conway and others attributed to Gates the whole success of the 
northern campaign. 

What was accomplished in that campaign ? 

The Americans in the northern campaign of 1177, defeated and cap- 
tured a powerful British army, under General Burgoyne. 

BTJRGOYNE'S INVASION. 

At ivhat place did Burgoyne concentrate an army in the spring of 
1777? 

Burgoyne concentrated his army at St. Johns, on 
the Sorel river, Canada. 

Of whom did his army consist? 

His army, numbering ten thousand men, consisted 
of British and German troops, and a large body of 
Canadians and Indians. 

What was Burgoyne' s design? 

His design was to invade the United States by the 
way of lake Champlain, and force his way to Albany. 

Where is lake Champlain situated? (See map, page 64.) 
What was the grand object of the invasion ? 

It was intended to effect a junction of Burgoyne's 
army with that of a British force from New York, 
and thus cut off Washington's communication with 
the eastern states. 

What place did Burgoyne first proceed against? 

After taking possession of Crown Point, Burgoyne 
proceeded to invest Ticonderoga, which was then 
garrisoned by a force of three thousand men, under 
General St. Clair. 
13 



146 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Before leaving Canada, what expedition did Burgoyne send up the St. 
Lawrence f 

Burgoyne sent a detachment under St. Leger, to 
proceed by way of Oswego, capture Fort Schuyler 
\&ki'-ler\ on the Mohawk, and then rejoin him at' Al- 
bany. 

Who at the time, ivas in command of the American forces at the 'north ? 

General Schuyler, a brave and skilful officer, com- 
manded the American forces at the North. 

What was the residt of Burgoyne 's measures against Ticonderoga ? 

St. Clair, finding that the British had erected bat- 
teries on Mount Defiance, a rocky height command- 
ing the fort, determined to retreat. 

How was the retreat conducted ? 

St. Clair dispatched his ammunition and stores for 
Skenesborough {skeenz '-~bur-ro\ now Whitehall, at the 
head of lake Champlain, while the army crossed over 
to Mount Independence, and took the road to Fort 
Edward, the head-quarters of General Schuyler. 

What disasters followed ? 

The rear division of the Americans was overtaken 
at Hub'-bard-ton, Vermont, and, after a severe battle, 
was routed with considerable loss. The ammunition 
and stores were overtaken and destroyed at Skenes- 
borough. 

What movement did Schuyler then make ? 

With his entire force, which numbered only about 
four thousand effective men, Schuyler retired to the 
islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. 

Into what body of water does the Mohawk flow f (See map, page 64.) 
What reinforcements did he receive ? 

Detachments from Washington's army, and a large 
body of New England militia, increased Schuyler's 
force to thirteen thousand men. 



AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. 147 

What can you say of Burgoyne's march to Fort Edward ? 

Burgoyne's march was slow and difficult, owing to 
the impediments which Schuyler had placed in the 
way, by destroying the bridges, and felling immense 
trees across the roads. 

While Burgoyne was approaching Fort Edward, what laroarous act 
excited wide-spread abhorrence ? 

The murder of Miss Jane McCrea by an Indian 
attached to Burgoyne's army, excited wide-spread 
abhorrence. 

Relate the circumstances of the murder. 

Miss McCrea was on a visit to Mrs. O'Neil, a wid- 
ow lady, residing at Fort Edward ; several Indians, 
part of a marauding party sent out by Burgoyne, burst 
into the house of Mrs. O'lSTeil, and carried off her and 
her visitor, prisoners. On the way, a quarrel arose 
among the savages, as to whose prize Miss McCrea 
was ; the dispute becoming furious, one of the Indians, 
in a paroxysm of rage, killed her, and carried her 
scalp to the British camp. 

What can you say of the expedition against Fort Schuyler t 

St. Leger laid siege to Fort Schuyler, which was 
bravely defended by Colonel G-an'-se-voort. 

How was Fort Schuyler situated? (See map, page 64.) 
What can you say of Herkimer's attempt at relief? 

General Her'-ki-mer, while advancing to the relief 
of the fort, with a body of militia, fell into an ambus- 
cade at O-ris'-ka-ny, and was mortally wounded. 

What occurred during the tattle of Oriskany ? 

A successful sortie from the fort was made upon 
the camp of the besiegers, and a large quantity of 
baggage was seized by the Americans. 

What relief was afterward sent to Gansevoort f 

Schuyler sent Arnold, with a detachment of eight 
hundred men, for the relief of Fort Schuyler. 



148 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

What was the result of Arnold's expedition ? 

The Indian allies of St. Leger fled on hearing that 
Arnold was approaching, and the siege was aban- 
doned. 

What difficulty did Burgoyne experience while at Fort Edward? 

At Fort Edward, Burgoyne found it almost impos- 
sible to procure supplies of provisions for his army. 

How did he attempt to procure a sup>ply ? 

He sent a detachment of live hundred men, under 
Colonel Baum, a German officer, to seize the stores 
which the Americans had collected at Bennington. 

How is Bennington situated? (See map, page 64.) 

What was the result? 

The detachment was met near Bennington, on the 
16th of August, 1777, by the New Hampshire militia, 
under General Stark, and entirely defeated. 

What other success did the Americans have on the same day? 

A detachment which had been sent to the aid of 
Baum, was met on the same day, by a continental 
force under Colonel Warner, and also defeated. 

What effect did the reverses of the British have ? 

The reverses experienced by the British at Ben- 
nington and Fort Schuyler, embarrassed the move- 
ments of Burgoyne, and weakened and dispirited his 
army. 

Who at that time took command of the American army at the north? 

General Gates having been appointed by Congress 
to succeed Schuyler, took command of the Northern 
army, just as the Americans were in force to confront 
Burgoyne with good prospect of success. 

Wliat movements were made by the two armies? 

Gates advanced to Bem'-is Heights, a little above 
Stillwater; and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson, and, 
on the 18th of September, 1777, arrived within two 
miles of the American camp. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 149 

What took place on the following day ? 

On the 19th of September, 1777, was fought the 
first battle of Stillwater, often called the battle of 
Bem'-is Heights, in which Arnold was the leading 
spirit, and displayed great bravery. 

How is Stillwater situated? (See map, page 64.) 
What was the result of the battle ? 

Both parties claimed the victory; but though the 
British remained on the field of battle, their progress 
toward Albany was effectually checked. 

What did Burgoyne do after the battle ? 

Burgoyne strengthened his position to await the 
co-operation of Clinton from JSTew York. 

When did a second engagement take place between the two armies ? 

The second battle of Stillwater, sometimes called 
the battle of Saratoga, took place, on the 7th of Oc- 
tober, 1777. 

What account can you give of it? 

Burgoyne advanced to the attack; after a fierce 
battle of several hours, in which the British lost Gen- 
eral Fraser and other valuable officers, they were 
compelled to give way. 

What can you say of Arnold in the battle ? 

Though having no command assigned him, Arnold 
was the most active in the battle, and was severely 
wounded just as victory was deciding for the Amer- 
icans. 

What account can you give of Burgoyne 's final movements? 

Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding him- 
self so surrounded by the Americans that all chance 
of retreat was cut off, and being without provisions, 
he surrendered his whole army, numbering more 
than five thousand men, prisoners of war. 

When was the surrender made f 

Burgoyne surrendered on the 17th of October, 1777, 
ten days after the second battle of Stillwater. 
13* 



150 AMERICAN EE VOLUTION. 

What did the Americans acquire by the stipulations 1 

The Americans acquired a line train of artillery, 
five thousand muskets, and a great quantity of cloth- 
ing, tents, and military stores. 

What had Clinton, the British general, been doing in the mean time? 

Sir Henry Clinton had ascended the Hudson as far 
as Forts Clinton and Montgomery, captured the two 
forts, and sent an expedition to devastate the country, 
with the hope of making a diversion in favor of Bur- 
goyne. 

What destruction was effected by the expedition sent by Clinton ? 

Kingston was reduced to ashes, and other damage 
was done to property belonging to Americans. 

What did the British do on hearing of Burgoyne's surrender ? 

The British, on the northern frontiers, hearing of 
Burgoyne's surrender, abandoned Ticonderoga and 
other forts taken from the Americans; and Clinton's 
expedition returned to New York. 

What plan of union was adopted by Congress ? 

Iii November, 1777, Articles of Confederation 
were adopted by Congress, for the government of the 
United States. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Where did "Washington havehis army at the beginning of 17 IT? 139 

2. Give an account of the operations on the 2d of January 139 

3. In what situation did Washington find himself placed? 139 

4. Give an account of the battle of Princeton 139 

5. What befell General Mercer ? 139 

6. What did Washington's army do at Morristown ? 140 

7. What at Middlebrook ? 140 

8. How are Morristown and Middlebrook situated ? (See map, 

page 71.) 

9. On what mission was Silas Deane sent ? 140 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 151 

PAGE 

1 0. By whom was Deane afterward joined ? 140 

11. What did France hesitate to do ? 140 

12. What aid did France secretly extend ? 140 

13. Who was the Marquis de Lafayette ? 140 

14. What did Lafayette do, at his own expense ? 140 

15. When did Lafayette arrive in America? 140 

16. To whose army did he join himself? 140 

17. On what terms did he join the army ? 140 

18. What action did Congress take in his case ? 140 

19. When did Tryon make an expedition against Danbnry ? 140 

20. What civil position had Tryon lately held? 140 

21. With how large a force did Tryon invade Connecticut ? 140 

22. What did Tryon effect in Connecticut ? 140 

23. By whom was he harassed during his retreat? 140, 141 

24. In what direction is Fairfield from Danbury ? (See map, page 46.) 

25. By whom was an expedition led against Sagg Harbor? 141 

26. Give an account of the expedition 141 

27. Give an account of the capture of General Prescott 141 

28. What unsuccessful attempts were made by Howe ? 141 

29. To what island near New York, did he then retire ? 141 

30. What was Howe's next movement ? 142 

31. Whom did he leave in command at New York ? 142 

32. What city did Howe desire to get possession of? 142 

33. On what river is Philadelphia situated? (See map, page 11.) 

34. Why did not Howe sail direct to Philadelphia ? 142 

35. What route did he take, on leaving the capes of the Delaware? 142 

36. In what direction is Chad's Ford from Elkton ? (See map, p. 71.) 

37. What battle took place at Chad's Ford? 142 

38. When was the battle of Brandy wine fought ? 142 

39. Which party was successful? 142 

40. What is said of Lafayette and Pulaski in the battle? 142, 143 

41. Give an account of the battle of Paoli 143 

42. In what direction from Philadelphia is Paoli? (See map, p. 71.) 

43. In what way did Howe get possession of Philadelphia? 143 

44. Give an account of the battle of Germantown 143, 144 

45. When was the battle of Germantown fought ? 144 

46. Give an account of Donop's attack on Fort Mercer 144 

47. How was Fort Mercer situated ? ) (See map, 

48. What fort on Mud Island, was nearly opposite? ) page 71.) 

49. What took place at Fort Mifflin? 144 



152 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 



50. Where did Washington quarter his troops during the winter 

of 1777-3? 144 

51 . In what direction from Philadelphia is Valley Forge ? (See p. 71.) 

52. What can you say of the sufferings at Valley Forge? 144 

53. What invasion of the United States from the North, took place 

in the spring of 1777? 145 

54. Who, at the time, commanded the American army at the North? 146 

55. What was the first fort that Burgoyne took possession of?. . . 145 
5G. Who, at the time, was in command of Fort Ticonderoga ? . . . . 145 

57. How did Burgoyne get possession of Fort Ticonderoga? 146 

58 Give an account of the battle of Hubbardton ? 146 

59. In what direction is Hubbardton from F. Edward ? (See p. 64.) 

60. Why did not Burgoyne make a rapid march to Fort Edward? 147 

61. Give an account of the murder of Miss McCrea 147 

62. Give an account of the battle of Oriskany 147 

63. Give an account of the sortie from Fort Schuyler 147 

61. How was Fort Schuyler finally relieved? 147, 148 

65. Give an account of the first battle of Bennington 148 

06. In which state is Bennington situated ? (See map, page 64.) 

67. (iive an account of the second battle of Bennington 148 

68. By whom was Schuyler succeeded in command at the North?. 148 

69. Give an account of the battle of Bemis Heights 148, 149 

70. By what other name is the battle of Bemis Heights known? . 149 

7 1. Give an account of the battle of Saratoga 149 

72. By what other name is the battle of Saratoga known ? 149 

73. Who, on the side of the Americans, was the most active and 

bold, in both battles of Stillwater? 149 

74. When was the first battle of Stillwater fought ? 149 

75. What check did that battle put upon the British ? 149 

76. When was the second battle of Stillwater fought? 149 

77. When did the surrender of Burgoyne take place? 149 

78. Why was Burgoyne compelled to surrender? 149 

79. Whose co-operation had Burgoyne expected ? 149 

8u. What two forts on the Hudson did Clinton capture? 150 

81. What expedition did he send, after making the captures? 150 

82. What town on the Hudson, was burned by the British ? 150 

83. What effect did the news of Burgoyne's surrender have upon 

the British who were in possession of the forts at the North ?. 150 

84. What effect did it have upon Clinton's expedition? 150 

85. When were the Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress? 150 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 153 

EVENTS OF 1778. 
What effect did the news of Burgoyne's surrender have in France? 

The success of the Americans at Saratoga, decided 
the negotiations which had been set on loot in 1776. 
France acknowledged the independence of the United 
States, and a treaty of alliance and commerce was 
concluded between the two countries. 

Where did the Commissioners meet to negotiate the treaty ? 

The treaty was signed at Paris, on the 6th of Feb- 
ruary, 1778. 

By whom ivas it signed? 

It was signed, on the part of the United States, by 
Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. 

What effect did the news of Burgoyne's surrender have in England? 

In England, the news of Burgoyne's surrender pro- 
duced alarm ; and two bills, intended to conciliate 
the Americans, were passed by Parliament. 

What attempts at negotiations were made by the British cabinet ? 

Commissioners were sent to America to negotiate 
with Congress the restoration of peace. 

Hoiv did Congress receive the Commissioners ? 

Congress refused to treat with them until Great 
Britain should withdraw her fleets and armies, or ac- 
knowledge the independence of the United States. 

What disreputable course teas taken by one of the Commissioners ? 

One of the commissioners attempted to forward 
the object of the mission by bribing members of 
Congress. 

What members were so approached? 

The attempt was made upon General Joseph Peed 
and Robert Morris. 

What was Reed's reply ? 

Said Peed, " I am not worth purchasing ; but such 
as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough 
to do it." 



154 AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 

Who succeeded General Howe in the command of the royal forces in 
America ? 

Howe was succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton. 

In what way did France at first undertake to axd the Americans? 

A French squadron, under Count D'Estaing (des-ta- 
ang'\ was sent to blockade the British fleet in the 
Delaware. 

What orders had been received by Clinton ? 

Clinton had received orders from England, direct- 
ing him to evacuate Philadelphia, and concentrate 
his forces at New York. 

Did D'Estaing succeed in blockading the British fleet in the Delaware? 

D'Estaing did not accomplish his purpose; for, 
before his arrival, Lord Howe had sailed for New 
York. 

What movement did Clinton make ? 

On the 18th of June, 1778, Clinton withdrew his 
whole army from Philadelphia, and commenced his 
retreat through New Jersey toward New York. 

What officer of rank had been restored to the American army ? 

General Lee had been restored to the American 
army, having been exchanged for General Prescott. 

What took 'place during Clinton's retreat? 

"Washington pursued Clinton ; and at Monmouth a 
severely contested battle was fought, June the 28th, 
1778, in which the Americans had the advantage. 

In tohat direction is Monmouth from Philadelphia? (See map, p. 71.) 
What can you say of Lee's conduct in the battle ? 

In the early part of the battle, Washington came 
up just as Lee's division was in full retreat ; he re- 
buked Lee, and directed him to assist in restoring: 
order. 

What can you say of Lee's conduct afterward ? 

Lee complied ; and during the remainder of the 
battle he displayed courage and skill. 



AMEKICAN EE VOLUTION. 155 

From what cause did the troops suffer greatly during the battle ? 

The excessive heat of the day caused great suffer- 
ing among the troops. 

What took place during the night after the battle ? 

The Americans slept on their arms, intending to 
renew the battle on the following morning; but Clin- 
ton silently departed before dawn, and proceeded to- 
ward New York. 

What offensive course did Lee afterward take toward Washington ? 

Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke 
which he had received on the field of battle, he ad- 
dressed two letters to Washington, demanding rep- 
aration. 

What did Lee's course lead to ? 

Lee was tried by a court-martial, on the charge of 
disobedience of orders, misbehavior before the enemy, 
and disrespect to the commander-in-chief. 

What toas his sentence ? 

He was found guilty, and suspended from all com- 
mand for one year. 

What can you say of his subsequent history ? 

Lee never rejoined the army ; but just before the 
close of the war he died in Philadelphia. 

What enterprise did Washington and DEstaing decide upon ? 

A combined attack by the French fleet under 
D'Estaing, and an American force under General 
Sullivan, was planned, for the expulsion of the British 
from .Rhode Island. 

How large a force of the British was stationed at Rhode Island? 

The British at Rhode Island consisted of about six 
thousand men, commanded by General Bigot, whose 
head-quarters were at Newport. 

hi what, direction is Newport from Providence f (See map, page 38.) 

What preparations loere made for the attack? 

D'Estaing entered the harbor of Newport and an- 



156 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

chored near the town ; Sullivan crossed from Tiver- 
ton, and landed his army on the northern part of 
Rhode Island. 

What diverted D 'Estaing from his object? 

The appearance of a large fleet under Lord Howe, 
who, upon hearing of Pigot's danger, had hastened 
from New York to his relief, entirely diverted the 
French commander from his object. 

What did D'Estaing do t 

Tempted by the hope of a naval victory, D'Estaing 
sailed out to meet Howe. 

State what followed. 

Just as the two fleets were about to engage, a 
furious storm came on, which parted and disabled 
them. 

What did D'Estaing then do? 

D'Estaing returned to Newport ; but soon announced 
his intention of sailing for Boston, to refit his ships. 

How was his announcement received by the Americans ? 

Sullivan, Lafayette, Greene, and other officers, then 
at Rhode Island, remonstrated-, but without effect. 

What can you say of Sullivan's movements ? 

Sullivan had advanced almost to Newport ; but 
finding himself deserted by the French, he withdrew 
to the northern part of the island, followed up by the 
British. 

What took place there ? 

On the 29th of August, 1778, an engagement took 
place near Quaker Hill, on the north end of the 
island. 

With ichat result ? 

The British were repulsed with the loss of more than 
two hundred men. 

What movement did Sullivan then determine upon ? 

Learning that a British fleet with troops was com- 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 157 

ing to the aid of Pigot, Sullivan determined to aban- 
don Rhode Island. 

How did he accomplish his retreat? 

During the night of the 30th, his whole army re- 
gained the mainland, in time to avoid being inter- 
cepted by Sir Henry Clinton. 

What account can you give of a marauding expedition conducted by 
General Grey f 

General Grey, detached from New York by Clin- 
ton, burned about seventy vessels in Buzzard's Bay ; 
laid waste New Bedford and New Haven ; and, at 
Martha's Vineyard, levied an immense contribution 
in sheep and cattle. 

What acts of partiadar atrocity were committed by the Tories and In- 
dians during the year 1778 ? 

The "Massacre of Wy-o'-ming," in Pennsylvania, 
and the attack upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, 
in New York, are memorable events of 1778. 

How is the village of Wyoming situated? (See map, page 64.) 
In what direction is Cherry Valley from Albany ? (See map, page 64.) 
What account can you give of the " Massacre of Wyoming ?" 
Early in July, a large force of Tories and Indians, 
under Colonel John Butler, entered the valley of 
Wyoming, spread desolation in every direction, and 
defeated, with great slaughter, a body of the inhabi- 
tants who had marched out to check their ravages. 

What account can you give of the attack upon the settlement of Cherry 
VaUey ? 

In November, a party of Tories and Indians fell 
upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, and killed or 
carried into captivity many of the inhabitants. 

What expedition did Clinton dispatch toward the close of 1778 ? 

Clinton sent Colonel Campbell {cam' -el) with two 
thousand troops, to invade Georgia. 
What com you say of Campbell 's first movements? 

Campbell proceeded against Savannah, then de- 
U 



158 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

fended by a force of about six hundred men, under 
General Robert Howe. 

What can you say of the force under Howe ? 

The force under Howe was the remnant of an army 
with which he had recently made an unsuccessful 
expedition against Florida. 

Did a battle occur between Campbell and Howe ? 

The British attached the Americans, on the 29th of 
December, 1778, and defeated them with much loss. 

What was the consequence of the defeat? 

Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and was 
retained by them until the close of 1782. 

What had become of UEslaing ? 

D'Estaing, after refitting his ships at Boston, sailed 
for the West Indies. 

At ivhat place did Washington make his winter-quarters? 

Washington made his quarters, during the winter 
of 1778-9, at Middlebrook, on the Raritan river, New 
Jersey. 

What direction is Middlebrook from Philadelphia? (See map, page 11.) 

EVENTS OP 1779. 
What took place in the early part ofVlId? 

In January of 1779, General Pre-vost' captured 
Sunbury, the only fort in Georgia remaining to the 
Americans. 

What was Prevosfs next movement ? 

He marched to Savannah, and assumed the com- 
mand of the British forces in the South. 

What orders did he give to Campbell ? 

Prevost ordered Campbell to occupy Augusta, 
situated on the Savannah river, in Georgia. 

What direction is Augusta from Charleston? (See map, page 84.) 
What was the object of occupying Augusta ? 

The object was to give encouragement and sup- 
port to the loyalists of Augusta and its vicinity. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 150 

Wliat can you say of a force under Colonel Boyd 1 ? 

A band of seven hundred Tories, commanded by 
Colonel Boyd, while marching to join the forces of 
Prevost, committed great devastations and cruelties. 

What befell them ? 

At Kettle Creek, Georgia, they were attacked by 
Colonel Pickens, commanding a force of Carolina 
militia, and utterly defeated, Boyd being killed. 

What measures were taken to drive Campbell from Aitgusta? 

General Lincoln (Mnk'-o?i), who had arrived to take 
command of the American forces at the South, sent 
General Ash to drive the British from Augusta, and 
confine them to the country near the sea. 

What befell Ash ? 

Campbell fled at his approach, but at Brier Creek, 
Georgia, Ash was surprised by General Prevost, and 
defeated, with the loss of nearly his whole army, by 
death, captivity, and dispersion. 

Into what river does Brier Creek flow? (See map, page 84.) 
What movement ivas made against Charleston ? 

Prevost advanced upon Charleston, but the timely 
arrival of Lincoln forced him to retire. 

What can you say of an attack afterward made by Lincoln ? 

On the 20th of June, 1779, Lincoln attacked a 
body of British troops stationed at Stono Ferry, ten 
miles south-west from Charleston. 

In what direction is Stono Ferry from Columbia f (See map. page 84.) 
What was the result of the battle of Stono Ferry ? 

After a severe engagement, the Americans were 
repulsed. 

In the mean time, what had Tryon done at the North ? 

General Tryon, late royal governor of New York, 
made two expeditions against Connecticut. In the 
first, he destroyed some salt-works at Iiorseneck, and 
dispersed an American force under Putnam ; in the 



160 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

second, he plundered "New Haven, and laid East 
Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk in ashes. 

What occurred on the Hudson river ? 

Clinton proceeded up the Hudson, and captured 
Stony and Verplanck's Points. 

What further history can you give of Stony Point ? 

Washington undertook to recapture Stony Point, 
for that purpose sending General Wayne to make 
a midnight attack. 

How did Wayne succeed ? 

Dividing his force into two columns, for simul- 
taneous attacks on opposite sides of the fort, Wayne 
reached the outworks before being discovered : the 
two columns forced their way with the bayonet, in 
the face of a tremendous lire of grape-shot and mus- 
ketry, and met in the centre of the works. 

What became of the garrison ? 

The garrison surrendered at discretion. 

How is the storming of Stony Point considered ? 

Wayne's achievement at Stony Point was one of 
the most brilliant of the w T ar. It was effected with- 
out the firing of a single gun on the part of the Amer- 
icans. 

What is the date of the achievement f 

The battle of Stony Point occurred on the 15th of 
July, 1779. 

What loss was sustained by each party? 

The whole loss of the Americans was fifteen killed, 
and eighty-three wounded : the British lost upward of 
six hundred, in killed and prisoners. 

What brilliant exploit was effected by the Americans, about a month 
after ? 

The British post at Pau'-lus Hook, in New Jersey, 
opposite New York, was surprised at night by Major 
Henry Lee, and one hundred and fifty-nine of the 
garrison were made prisoners. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 161 

What account can you give of an expedition undertaken by Massachu- 
setts? 

A squadron of armed vessels, fitted out by Massa- 
chusetts, proceeded against a military post which the 
British had established on the Penobscot river. Just 
as the Americans were about to make the assault, 
after a siege of fifteen days, a British fleet arrived, 
and defeated them with great loss. 

Describe the Penobscot river. (See map of Maine.) 
What icas the great expedition of the Indian campaign ? 
General Sullivan was sent against the Indians of 
Western New York, to avenge the " Massacre of Wyo- 
ming," and check their depredations. 

What force did Sullivan have at his command? 

On his march he was joined by General James 
Clinton, when the united forces amounted to about 
five thousand men. 

What did Sullivan accomplish ? 

After defeating a body of Indians and Tories at 
Newtown, now Elmira, he penetrated as far as the 
Genesee river, destroying forty Indian villages, and 
a vast amount of corn. 

By ivhat name is the battle fought there known ? 

The eriffnffement at Elmira is called the " Battle of 
Chemung." 

What ivas the consequence of Sullivan^s expedition? 

The Indians were greatly intimidated, and their 
murderous excursions became less frequent. 

In what direction is Elmira from Cherry Valley ? (See map, page 64.) 
Describe the Genesee river. (See map, page 64.) 
Where did Washington go into winter-quarters ? 

Morristown was the head-quarters of Washington, 
a second time, during the winter of 1779-80. 

What was the condition of his troops there ? 

The winter set in early, and was very severe. The 
14* 



162 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

troops were, at times, on half allowance ; and they 
suffered for want of clothing and shelter. 

Wfiat can you say of the movements of the French fleet, during 1Y79 ? 

D'Estaing returned from the West Indies, in Sep- 
tember, 1779, and. prepared to co-operate with Lin- 
coln in an attempt to recover Savannah. 

What can you say of the attempt? 

After a siege of about three weeks, Lincoln and 
D'Estaing made a combined assault, October the 9th, 
1779, but were repulsed with the loss of nearly a 
thousand men, in killed and wounded. 

What officer was mortally wounded in the assault ? 

The assault cost the Americans the gallant Count 
Pulaski, who was mortally wounded. 

Whither did D'Estaing and Lincoln go after their repulse? 

D'Estaing left the American coast, and Lincoln re- 
crossed the Savannah into South Carolina. 

What great naval battle occured in September, 1179 ? 

A battle took place off the coast of Scotland, be- 
tween a small squadron of French and American ves- 
sels, commanded by Paul Jones, and two British 
frigates that were convoying a merchant fleet. 

What teas the name of Jones's flag-ship ? 

Jones's flag-ship was called the Bon Homme Rich- 
ard (Good Man .Richard). 

What account can you give of the battle ? 

At about seven in the evening of September the 
23d, 1779, the battle commenced. The Bon Homme 
Richard coming in contact with the Se-ra'-pis, 
one of the frigates commanded by Captain Pierson, 
Jones lashed the two vessels together. The contest 
continued with great fury till ten at night, when the 
Serapis struck. The other frigate also surrendered. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



163 



What ivas Jones compelled to do? 

Finding that his own ship was sinking, Jones was 
compelled to transfer his crew to the Serapis. 
What course did Spain take toward Great Britain in 1779 ? 

Spain, with a view to regaining Gibraltar {je-lyrauV- 
ter), Jamaica, and Florida, joined France, and declared 
war against Great Britain. 



EVENTS OP 1780. 







of the 

CAROL1&A3 



In what direction from Charleston is Monk's Corner ? Near what river 
was the post of Ninety Six ? What boundary does Waxhaw creek 
cross? In what direction is Hanging Rock from Camden ? Into what 
water does Deep River flow ? In going from Deep River to Clermont, 
what river must be crossed ? Into what river does Sanders Creek flow? 
Arts. The "Wateree. What town near the mouth of Sanders Creek ? 
How is Hillsboro situated? Where is King's Mountain? 



164 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Where were the principal operations of the war carried on in 1*780? 

The principal military operations of 1780 were car- 
ried on in South Carolina. 

How were the operations commenced? 

Sir Henry Clinton, with a fleet under Admiral Ar- 
buthnot, proceeded against Charleston, and, on the 
1st of April, commenced a regular siege. 

Who commanded the American forces at Charleston ? 

Charleston was defended by General Lincoln. 

During the siege, what occurred at a place on the Cooper river, about 
thirty miles from Charleston ? 

An American force stationed at Monk's Corner, to 
keep open a communication between Charleston and 
the interior, was surprised by Colonel Tarleton and 
put to flight. 

What luas the result of the siege of Charleston? 

On the 12th of May, 1780, Lincoln, unable to hold 
out any longer, surrendered to Clinton ; and every 
man in the city became a prisoner of war. 

How did Clinton follow up his success? 

Clinton dispatched three expeditions into the in- 
terior, all of which proved successful. 

What important post did the Americans lose by one of the expeditions? 

The post of Ninety Six, in South Carolina, was 
seized by the British. 

What disaster befell the Americans at Waxhaw creek ? 

At Waxhaw creek, Colonel Tarleton overtook and 
surprised a body of four hundred Americans under 
Colonel Buford. The British gave no quarter, but 
massacred or maimed most of the patriots. 

What was done at Hanging Bock? 

*At Hanging Rock, in the northern part of South 
Carolina, General Sumter attacked and defeated a 
body of British troops and Tories. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 165 

Wliat can you say of the services of Sumter and Marion'? 

Generals Sumter and Marion rendered good ser- 
vice to the cause of American liberty, by their par- 
tisan warfare at the South. 

In what way had Washington endeavored to aid Lincoln before his sur- 
render of Charleston ? 

Washington had sent the Baron De Kalb with re- 
inforcements to the aid of Lincoln ; but, owing to 
various difficulties, De Kalb advanced no further than 
Deep River, in North Carolina. 

Who succeeded Lincoln in the command at the South ? 

Congress appointed General Gates to succeed Lin- 
coln in the command of the southern army. 

What teas Gates' 's first movement? 

Gates arrived at De Kalb's camp on Deep River, 
and taking command, marched to Clermont, in South 
Carolina. 

Wlud conflict occurred soon after ? 

The battle of Sanders Creek, near Camden, w r as 
fought on the 16th of August, 1780. 

How was the battle brought about? 

Gates advanced from his camp at Clermont, to sur- 
prise the British at Camden ; while they, at the same 
time, by a lingular coincidence, sallied from Camden 
to attack the camp at Clermont. 

What account can you give of the affair ? 

The two forces met ; and after a desperate contest, 
the American regulars, being deserted by the militia 
and overwhelmed by numbers, were forced to retreat. 

What loss did the Americans sustain in the battle? 

The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners, was about a thousand men. 
Wliat was the loss of the British ? 

The loss of the British was between three and four 
hundred. 



166 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

What distinguished officer did the Americans lose in the battle? 
The Baron De Ivalb was mortally wounded, and 
died three days after the battle. 

To what place did Gates retreat f 

Gates retreated to Hillsboro, in the northern part 
of North Carolina. 

What misfortune followed the defeat of Gates ? 

Two days after the defeat of Gates, Sumter's force 
was surprised by Tarleton at Fishing Creek, a tributary 
of the Wateree, and routed with great slaughter. 

What did Cornwallis do after Sumpter's defeat ? 

Believing South Carolina to be subdued, Cornwal- 
lis proceeded to overrun North Carolina. 

Whom did he send to the frontiers of North Carolina? 

He detached Major Ferguson, to overawe the in- 
habitants favoring the patriot cause, and to embody 
the loyalists under the royal banner. 

What can you say of the conduct of Ferguson's expedition ? 

A number of rank Tories and disreputable persons 
flocked to his standard, and his progress was attended 
by many exasperating excesses. 

At what place was he attacked? 

He was attacked at King's Mountain, in South 
Carolina, near the northern boundary of the state. 

When? 

The attack was made on the 7th of October, 1780. 

By whom? 

The force attacking him consisted of several bodies 
of mountaineers and backwoodsmen, under the gen- 
eral command of Colonel William Campbell, of Vir- 
ginia. 

What was the result ? 

Ferguson was slain ; one hundred and fifty of his 
men were killed ; and the remainder, being more 
than eight hundred, surrendered. 



AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. 107 

What was the loss of the Americans ? 

The loss of the Americans, in killed, was only 
twenty ; but Colonel Williams, a brave officer, was 
among the slain. 

What was the effect of the battle upon tfie British ? 

The loss of the British at King's Mountain com- 
pelled Cornwallis to make a retrograde march into 
South Carolina. 

What was effected by tico partisan officers in South Carolina ? 

Marion, by his stratagems and expedients, frus- 
trated the purposes of British detachments ; and 
Sumter, appearing again in the field, was victorious 
in two engagements — one with Major Wemyss, and 
the other with Colonel Tarleton. 

What can you say of the operations of the British in New Jersey ? 

A force of the enemy, to the number of five thou- 
sand men, under Knyphausen, advanced into New 
Jersey, took possession of Elizabethtowm, and burned 
" Connecticut Farms," a village now called Union. 

In what direction is Elizabethtown from Trenton? (See map, page 71.) 
Where in New Jersey, did the British suffer defeat? 

In a second advance, conducted by Knyphausen, 
the British were met at Springfield by a force under 
Greene, and repulsed. 

In what direction is Springfield from Elizabeth town ? (See map, page 7 1 .) 
What aid arrived from France during the summer of 1780 ? 

In July, 1780, a French fleet under Admiral de 
Tern ay, having on board six thousand troops, com- 
manded by the Count de Rochainbeau, arrived at 
Newport, to the aid of the Americans. 

For what is that year memorable ? 

The year 1780 is particularly memorable for the 
"Treason of Arnold." 

What was the first trust confided to Arnold, after his courageous con- 
duct at Stillwater ? 

In 1778, a few days after the British had evacuated 



168 AMEBIC AN REVOLUTION. 

Philadelphia, Washington appointed Arnold to the 
command of that city, as the state of his wound re- 
ceived at Stillwater would not permit him to resume 
active duty. 

What can you say of his conduct while in command at Philadelphia? 

At Philadelphia he lived at an expense far beyond 
his income ; and, to meet the demands of his credi- 
tors, appropriated public funds to his own use. 

What followed? 

Charges were preferred against him ; and, though 
acquitted by a court-martial of actual criminal intent, 
he was adjudged to be reprimanded by Washington. 

Bozo zvas the sentence carried out ? 

Washington administered the' sentence with mild- 
ness and consideration. 

What effect did it have upon Arnold? 

Arnold felt the disgrace, and determined to effect 
a plan by which he might wreak his vengeance and 
repair his fortunes. 

In what way did he commence the carrying out of his plan? 

While engaged in a secret treasonable correspond- 
ence with Sir Henry Clinton, he solicited Washington 
for the command of West Point. 

What can you say of the importance of West Point? 

West Point, on the Hudson, was the strongest and 
most important fortress in the United States. 

How did Washington treat the request ? 

Washington expressed surprise that an officer of 
Arnold's active disposition should be content to re- 
main in garrison, but having confidence in his patriot- 
ism, he granted the request. 

After obtaining the command, tvhat base jwoposal did Arnold make ? 

Arnold proposed to betray West Point into the 
hands of Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander- 
in-chief. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 169 

Who was sent to confer with Arnold ? 

Major Andre, aid-de-camp to Clinton, was sent to 
complete the plan of treason, and adjust the traitor's 
recompense. 

Where did Andre meet Arnold ? 

Andre landed below West Point, met Arnold, and 
completed the bargain. 

What route did he lake, returning ? 

On his return, Andre crossed to the eastern side 
of the Hudson, and proceeded toward New York by 
land. 

What happened on the ivay ? 

Near Tarrytown he was stopped by three militia- 
men, John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Yan 
Wert, and searched. 

How is Tarrytown situated? (See map, page 46.) 
What was the result of the search ? 

In his boots they found a number of papers in Ar- 
nold's own handwriting. 
What then did they do with Andre ? 

They conducted him to North Castle, the nearest 
American post, then commanded by Colonel Jameson. 

In what direction from Tarry 'town is North Castle ? (See map, page 46.) 
What blunder did Jameson commit ? 

Jameson, by an unaccountable obtuseness of judg- 
ment, dispatched a letter to Arnold, informing him 
of the circumstances of the arrest. 

WJiat did Arnold do upon receiving the information ? 

The traitor, upon learning of the arrest, imme- 
diately escaped on board the British sloop Vulture, 
and took refuge in New York. 

What was the fate of Andre ? 

Andre was tried by a court-martial, found guilty, 
and, agreeably to the law and usage of nations, was 
executed as a spy. 
15 



170 AMERICAN" REVOLUTION". 

What reward did Arnold receive for his treachery? 

Arnold was made brigadier-general in the British 
service, and was paid six thousand three hundred 
and fifteen pounds sterling, as a compensation for 
losses which he claimed to have suffered in deserting 
his country's cause. 

In what trouble did Holland become involved daring the year 1 780 f 

The British ministry, learning that Holland was 
about to conclude a treaty with the United States, 
declared war against that government in 1780. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGK 

1 . When did France acknowledge the independence of the United 

States ? 153 

2. What treaty was made in 1778 ? 153 

3. What was done by Parliament, upon hearing of Burgoyne's 

surrender ? 153 

4. For what purpose were commissioners sent to America? 153 

5. What did Congress require should be done, before treating 

with the commissioners? 153 

6. What was attempted by one of the commissioners ? 153 

7. What did General Reed say in reply to the attempt upon him? 153 

8. To what command did Sir Henry Clinton succeed ? 154 

9. For what purpose was D'Estaing's fleet specially sent? 154 

10. Why was D'Estaing not able to accomplish the purpose? 154 

11. When did the British evacuate Philadelphia ? 154 

12. Why did they evacuate the place? 154 

13. In what way was General Lee restored to the Americans ?.. . 154 

14. State how Prescott had been captured by the Americans 141 

15. When was the battle of Monmouth fought? 154 

16. Give an account of the battle 154, 155 

17. What did the British do during the following night ? 155 

18. What reparation did Lee demand after the battle? 155 

1 9. On what charge was Lee tried ? 155 

20. What was the result of the trial ? 155 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 171 

PAGE 

2 1 . What further can you state of Lee's history ? 155 

22. What enterprise was planned by D'Estaing and Washington?. 155 

23. Who, at the time, commanded the British at Rhode Island?. . 155 

24. At what place did Pigot have his head-quarters? 155 

25. What was the first movement made by D'Estaing?. .. . 155, 156 

2G. What was the first movement made by Sullivan ? 15G 

2V. What force from New York hastened to the relief of Pigot?. 15G 

28. Why did D'Estaing sail out to meet Howe ? 156 

29. What prevented an engagement between D'Estaing and "Howe ? 1 5G 

30. What unwelcome announcement was made by D'Estaing?. . . 156 

31. What did Sullivan and other American officers do when they 

heard of D'Estaing's intention ? 156 

32. How was the battle near Quaker Hill brought about ? 156 

33. By what name is that battle known? Am. The battle of Qua- 

ker Hill, or Rhode Island. 

34. Give an account of the battle 156 

35. Why did Sullivan abandon Rhode Island? 156, 157 

36. Give an account of Grey's marauding expedition 157 

37. Give an account of the " Massacre of Wyoming." 157 

38. Give an account of the " Massacre of Cherry Valley." 157 

39. What battle took place near the close of 1778 ? 157 

40. Give an account of it, and its consequences 157, 158 

41. What fort, in Georgia, was captured in January, 1779? 15S 

42. Give an account of the battle of Kettle Creek 159 

43. Give an account of the battle of Brier Creek 1 59 

44. Give an account of the battle of Stono Ferry 159 

45. Give an account of Tryon's expedition to Connecticut. . . . 159, 160 

46. What two forts on the Hudson were captured by Clinton ?. . . 160 

47. Give an account of the battle of Stony Point 160 

48. When did the battle of Stony Point occur ? 160 

49. Give an account of the battle of Paulus Hook 160 

50. Give an account of the battle of the Penobscot 161 

51. On what western expedition was General Sullivan sent?. ... 161 

52. What was the result of Sullivan's expedition ? 161 

53. Give an account of the battle that took place Oct. 9th, 1779?. 1G2 

54. What befell the Polish nobleman, Count Pulaski ? 162 

55. When did the battle between Jones and Pierson take place ?. 162 

56. Give an account of it 162, 163 

57. By whom was Charleston besieged in the year 1780 ? 164 

58. Give an account of the battle of Monk's Corner 1G4 



172 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

59. When did Charleston surrender to Clinton ? 164 

60. Give an account of the battle of Waxhaw 164 

61. Give an account of the battle of Hanging Rock 164 

62. Who was appointed to command the American army at the 

South, after Lincoln's surrender at Charleston? 165 

63. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek 165 

64. Give an account of the battle of Fishing Creek 166 

65. Give an account of Major Ferguson's expedition 166 

66. Give an account of the battle of King's Mountain 166 

67. What did the result of the battle compel Cormvallis to do?. . . 167 

68. What did Knyphausen effect in New Jersey ? 107 

69. Give an account of the battle of Springfield 107 

70. For what is the }-ear 1780 particularly memorable ? 107 

71. What city did Washington appoint Arnold to the command of? 108 

72. Why was he appointed to a command requiring no activity ?. 168 

73. How did Arnold conduct himself while he held the command ? 168 

74. What was the consequence to Arnold of his reckless course?. 168 

75. How did Washington administer the sentence of the court?. . 168 

76. What determination did Arnold thereupon come to? 168 

77. With whom was Arnold in treasonable correspondence? 168 

78. What post of command did Arnold solicit of Washington? . . . 168 

79. How did West Point compare in importance with other posts ? 168 

80. On which side of the Hudson is West Point? (See map, p. 46.) 

81. What surprise did Washington express? 108 

82. On what mission was Major Andre sent? 109 

83. Where was the treasonable bargain completed ? 169 

84 What route did Andre take on his return for New York?. ... 169 

85. At what place was he stopped and searched ? 169 

86. On which side of the river is Tarrytown ? (See map, page 46.) 

87. Give the names of the three men who arrested Andre 169 

88. What evidence against Andre did they find on his person?. . . 169 

89. To what place did they conduct Andre? 169 

90. Who, at the time, was in command at North Castle? 109 

91. What course did Jameson pursue in the matter? 109 

92. How, consequently, did Arnold make his escape ? 109 

93. What was subsequently done with Andre ? 109 

94. At what place was Andre executed? Ans. Andre was hung on 

the west side of the Hudson, at Tappan, opposite Tarrytown. 

95. What position did Arnold receive in the British army? 170 

96. What amount of money did he receive from the British ? 170 



AMEBIC AN REVOLUTION. 173 

EVENTS OF 17*1. 

What event marked the opening of 1781 ? 

The Pennsylvania line of troops, to the number of thirteen hundred; 
having suffered through want of pay, clothing, and provisions, left their 
camp at Morristown, with the intention of marching to Philadelphia, 
and demanding redress from Congress. 

What happened at Princeton ? 

At Princeton, they seized two emissaries whom Clinton had sent for 
the purpose of inducing them by bribes to espouse the royal cause. 

What was done with the emissaries? 

The emissaries were conducted to General "Wayne ; and finally, after 
being tried by a court-martial, were executed as spies. 

Mow was the revolt suppressed ? 

A committee of Congress met the disaffected troops, and after mak- 
ing concessions and granting relief, settled the difficulty. 

What other mutiny occurred t 

The example of the Pennsylvania line was followed by a part of the 
Jersey troops; but Washington by rigorous measures soon cuielled the 
mutiny. 

What effect was produced by the. hoo mutinies f 

The two mutinies led to the adoption of more efficient measures for 
the support of the army. 

What were the efficient measures adopted? 

Direct taxes were resorted to ; Congress sent an agent to Europe 
for aid ; and the Bank of North America was established, under the care 
of Robert Morris. 

What piosition of importance was Morris holding at the time? 
By appointment of Congress, Morris was at the time superintendent 
of the treasury. 

Wliat is said of the importance of his services during the Revolution? 
To his financial exertions, mainly, Congress was enabled to prose- 
cute the war. 

After Arnold' 's treason, what expedition at the South vjashe engaged in ? 

Arnold, acting in the royal service, invaded Vir- 
ginia with a force of sixteen hundred men, and de- 
stroyed public and private property at Richmond and 
other places. 

On what river is Richmond situated? (See map, page 24.) 
15* 



174 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

What place did Arnold make Ids head-quarters? 

He descended the James River, and took post at 
Portsmouth. 

In what direction is Portsmouth from Richmond? (See map, page 24.) 
Was any attempt made to capture Arnold ? 

Washington arranged a plan by which troops under 
Lafayette, co-operating with the French fleet from 
Rhode Island, were to attempt his capture. 

Why did the project fail? 

It failed in consequence of the British fleet, under 
Arbutlmot, overtaking the French off the capes of 
Virginia, and, after an engagement of about an hour, 
compelling it to return. 

What are the two capes of Virginia ? (See map, page 24.) 
Who succeeded Gates in the command of the forces at the South ? 

Gates's defeat at Sanders Creek caused his removal 
as commander of the southern army, and the ap- 
pointment of Greene to the command. 

What was Greenes first care upon taking the command ? 

Greene's first care was to reorganize the army. 

After so doing, what ivas his first measwe ? 

Separating his army into two divisions, Greene sent 
one, under Morgan, to check the devastations of the 
British in the western part of South Carolina. 

Who was sent against Morgan ? 

Cornwallis sent Tarleton to disperse the force under 
Morgan, or to drive it out of South Carolina. 

What took place ? 

On the 17th of January, 1781, Tarleton overtook 
and attacked Morgan at the Cowpens ; but, after a 
severe battle, the British were completely routed. 

What was the loss of each party ? 

The British lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
about eight hundred men ; the Americans less than 
eighty. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1*75 

In what direction from Columbia is the Cowpens ? (See map, page 163) 
WJiai did Morgan do after his victory ? 

Morgan did not linger on the battle-field, but set 
out for Virginia. 

By whom was he pursued? 

Cornwallis, on hearing of Tarleton's defeat, started 
off in pursuit of Morgan, and reaehed the Catawba 
at evening, just two hours after the Americans had 
forded the river. 

What occurred during the night? 

A heavy rain set in during the night, and by day- 
break the liver was so swollen as to be impassable. 

Who then took command of Morgan's division ? 

Greene, reaching the east side of the Catawba, took 
command of Morgan's division. 

What can you say of the further movements of the Americans ? 

The Americans continued the retreat, followed by 
the British, and crossed the Yadkin, losing only a 
few wagons which were captured by the pursuers. 

What name does the Yadkin take in South Carolina ? (See map, page 
163.) 

How were the Americans favored a second time? 

Another fall of rain overflowing the ford which 
Cornwallis was preparing to cross, he was compelled, 
after some delay, to find a crossing higher up the 
Yadkin. 

What further can you say of the pursuit? 

Cornwallis continued in pursuit as far as the Dan 
River, arriving there just as the last of Greene's 
troops had landed on the opposite shore, in Virginia. 

What then did Cornwallis do? 

Grieved and vexed, Cornwallis abandoned the pur- 
suit and marched southward to Hillsboro. 

What ivas Greene's next movement? 

With his force increased to over four thousand 
men, Greene recrossed the Dan to oppose Cornwallis. 



176 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

What can you say of the battle that folloioed ? 

At Guilford {ghil'-furd) Court House, in North 
Carolina, Greene was attacked by Cornwallis on the 
15th of March, 1781, and, after one of the severest 
actions of the war, was forced to retreat. 

What was the loss of the Americans? 

The Americans lost, in killed and wounded, about 
four hundred men ; in addition to which, many of the 
militia deserted. 

What iuas the loss of the British ? 

The loss of the British, in killed, wounded, and 
missing, was over five hundred. 

In what direction is Guilford Court House from Raleigh? (See map, 
page 163.) 

Was Cornwallis able to profit by his victory ? 

Cornwallis's loss completely disabled him ; and he 
was obliged to retreat from the field of victory. 

What did Greene do after the battle ? 

Greene rallied his forces, and pursued Cornwallis 
for several days, with the determination of again 
bringing him to action. 

What was the result of the pursuit? 

Greene, finding that he could not overtake Corn- 
wallis, re-entered South Carolina, and encamped at 
ITobkirk's Hill, about two miles from Lord Kawdon's 
post at Camden. 

What followed? 

Kawdon attacked Greene on the 25th of April, 1781, 
and, after a hard-fought battle, compelled him to 
retreat. 

What loss was sustained by each party ? 

Each party lost about two hundred and fifty men. 

In what direction from Guilford Court House is Hobkirk's Hill? (See 
map, page 163.) 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 117 

Wliat was Rawdon 1 s next movement ? 

In about a fortnight after the battle, Rawdon, find- 
ing his supplies cut off by the Americans, left Cam- 
den in flames, and retreated southward. 

What successes attended the American arms at the South during the 
spring of 119,1 ? 

Orangeburg, Forts Motte, Granby, and Watson, 
with Augusta, fell into the hands of the Americans. 

On what river is Augusta situated 1 ? (See map, page 163.) 
Wliat posts then remained to the British in South Carolina ? 

Three posts in South Carolina then remained to the 
British, namely : Ninety Six, Eutaw Springs, and 
Charleston. 

Against vmich post did Greene proceed ? 

Greene proceeded against Ninety Six ; but, after be- 
sieging the post for almost a month, and making an 
unsuccessful assault, the approach of Rawdon com- 
pelled him to raise the siege. 

Who succeeded Rawdon in the command of the British forces in South 
Carolina? 

Rawdon departed for England, leaving his troops 

in command of Colonel Stewart. 

What memorable event occurred a short time before his departure? 

Colonel Isaac ITayne, a distinguished patriot of 
South Carolina, was captured by the British, and ex- 
ecuted at Charleston, as a traitor to the royal cause. 

What loos the last battle fought in the Carolinas? 

The battle of Eu'-taw Springs, fought on the 8th 
of September, 1781, between Greene and Stewart, 
closed the contest in the Carolinas. 

How did the battle commence ? 

Stewart, with a force of about twenty-three hun- 
dred men, was attacked by Greene, with a force not 
j exceeding two thousand. 



178 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

What further account can you give of the battle ? 

The contest was desperate, and at one time victory 
seemed certain for the Americans ; but, the British 
rallying, Greene drew off his troops, taking with him 
about live hundred prisoners. 

In the mean time, what had Cornwallis been doing? 

During the summer of 1781, Cornwallis penetrated 
Virginia, and destroyed property to the value of 
several millions of dollars. 

In what direction is Eutaw Springs from Charleston? (See map, 
page 163.) 

Who had been following up Cornwallis ? 

Lafayette had endeavored to thwart the movements 
of Cornwallis, but, owing to the inferiority of his 
force, he was not able to make a stand against him. 

What orders did Clinton send to Cornwallis ? 

Clinton directed Cornwallis to take a position near 
the sea, from which he might readily send reinforce- 
ments to New York. 

What danger menaced Neiu York ? 

New York was menaced by a combined force, con- 
sisting of the French troops from Rhode Island and an 
army under Washington. 

What position did Cornwallis take? 

Cornwallis took post at Yorktown, on the south side 
of York Hiver, Virginia, opposite a promontory called 
Gloucester (glos'-ter). 

What change did Washington make in his plan ? 

The expected arrival of a French fleet, under Count 
de Grasse (dugras), in the Chesapeake, induced Wash- 
ington to abandon the design against New York, and 
proceed against Cornwallis. 

Bow was Clinton deceived ? 

Washington continued to make preparations as if 
against New York ; and, before Clinton became aware 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 170 

of his real intentions, the French and American troops 
were well on their way to Virginia. 

What counterplot did Clinton practise? 

Clinton undertook to recall Washington by sending 
Arnold to devastate Connecticut. 
Against what sea-port did Arnold proceed ? 

Arnold appeared off the harbor of New London, 
situated on the west bank of the Thames river. 

How was New London protected? 

The approach to New London was defended by 
Fort Trumbull, on the west side of the river, and by 
Fort Griswold, on the east. 

How did Arnold proceed ? 

The troops landed in two divisions ; one on the 
east side, and the other, under Arnold, on the west. 

What did Arnold accomplish with his division? 

Arnold's division took possession of Fort Trumbull, 
it having been abandoned, and also of New London. 
The town was then burned, and an immense amount 
of property destroyed. 

What was accomplished by the other division ? 

The other division proceeded against Fort Griswold, 
which, after a brave defence, was carried by assault. 

What massacre took place ? 

After the fort was taken, many of the garrison were 
slain and others desperately wounded. 

Hoiu was the commander of the fort treated ? 

Colonel Ledyard, the commander, was murdered 
with his own sword, after yielding it up to Major 
Bromheld, a New Jersey loyalist. 

Was the object of Clinton's counterplot effected ? 

Arnold's expedition against Connecticut failed of 
its main object, the recall of Washington from the 
prosecution of his design against Cornwallis. 



180 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

What forces soon besieged Cornwallis? 

A large French force from the fleet of Count do 
Grasse, and another from Rhode Island under Count do 
Rochambean, co-operating with Washington's troops, 
laid siege to Yorktown. 

How was Cornwallis' 's retreat by sea cut off? 

The Count de Grasse blockaded the York and James 
rivers, and guarded the entrance to the Chesapeake. 

What attempt was made to relieve Cornwallis ? 

A British fleet from New York, under Admiral 
Graves, appeared off the capes of Virginia. De 
Grasse sallied forth, and a partial action took place, 
but without advantage to either party. 

What did Graves afterward do ? 

After remaining in sisHit of the French fleet for five 
days, Graves, despairing of success, bore away for 
New York. 

What progress did the besiegers make? 

The allied armies besieging Yorktown, opened a 
cannonade so heavy that most of the British works 
were demolished, several vessels in the harbor were 
burned, and the town was finally rendered untenable. 

In that desperate state of affairs, what did Cornwallis determine to do? 

Cornwallis determined to escape, if possible, by 
crossing to Gloucester, cutting his way through a 
French detachment stationed there, and, by rapid 
marches, reach New York. 

How was his plan frustrated ? 

A violent storm dispersed his boats after one division 
of his army had crossed the river, and the attempt was 
abandoned. 

What was the result of the siege ? 

On the 19th of October, 1781, Cornwallis surren- 
dered Yorktown and Gloucester, with more than 
seven thousand British soldiers, to Washington : his 
hipping and seamen he surrendered to De Grasse. 



section y . 

Close of the Revolution, and Events to the Beginning of Wash- 
ington's Administration. 

What effect did the surrender of Cornwallis produce in America? 

The surrender of Cornwallis caused great rejoicings 
throughout the United States, being considered a 
death-blow to the war. 

What was the effect produced in England ? 

Public opinion in England became so decidedly 
opposed to the war, that, upon the formation of a new 
cabinet, negotiations were entered into for the estab- 
lishment of peace. 

What was done toward effecting peace ? 

A preliminary treaty of peace between Great Brit- 
ain and the United States, was signed at Paris, on 
the 30th of November, 1782. 

Who, on the part of the United States, negotiated the treaty ? 

The American commissioners by whom the treaty 
was signed, were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
John Jay, and Henry Laurens. 

When did hostilities cease ? 

A cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the 
American army, on the 19th of April, 17S3, the 
eighth anniversary of the battle of Lexington. 

When was peace finally concluded? 

A definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris, on 
the 3d of September, 1783. 

What did the treaty secure to the United States? 

By the terms of the treaty, Great Britain acknowl- 
16 



182 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

edged the independence of the United States; al- 
lowed boundaries extending to the great lakes on the 
north, and the Mississippi on the west ; and con- 
ceded an unlimited right to fish on the banks of New- 
foundland. 

Eoio were the Floridas disposed of? 

The two Floridas were returned to Spain. 

In what condition did the close of the war find the United States? 

At the close of the war, the national treasury was 
empty, the states were unable to respond to the call 
of Congress for money, and the resource of foreign 
loans was about exhausted. 

What was the consequence to the army ? 

Wide-spread and threatening discontent appeared 
in the army ; the arrearages of pay, and the question, 
whether the resolution passed by Congress, in 1780, 
allowing officers half-pay for life, would be made 
effective, became topics of angry comment. 

Mow were the troubles healed ? 

Through the influence exerted by Washington, the 
discontents were soothed ; and Congress soon after 
made arrangements for granting five years' whole 
pay to the officers, instead of half-pay for life ; and 
to the soldiers, four months' whole pay, in part-pay- 
ment of their claims. 

What then became of the army ? 

In conformity with general orders of Congress, the 
army was disbanded, on the 3d of November, 1783. 

When did the British evacuate New York t 

The British troops under Sir Guy Carleton, who 
had succeeded Sir Henry Clinton, evacuated New 
York on the 25th of November, 1783. 

What affecting scene took place at New York several days after ? 

Washington met his officers, and, " with a heart 
full of love and gratitude," took leave of them. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. lb~ 

What did he do after taking leave of his officers ? 

He repaired to Annapolis, and there, on the 23d 
of December, 1783, resigned to Congress his com- 
mission as commander-in-chief of the American 
army. 

Wliat can you say of the circumstances of the occasion ? 

The simple and impressive address of Washington, 
upon resigning his commission, and the touching 
response of General Mifflin, the president of Congress, 
affected the assemblage to tears. 

How is Annapolis situated ? (See map, page 24.) 
To what place did Washington at once retire ? 

Washington hastened to Mount Yernon, where, in 
the retirement of private life, he hoped to spend the 
remainder of his days. 

How is Mount Vernon situated? (See map, page 24.) 
Peace being established, what embarrassments beset Congress ? 

It was found that, by the Articles of Confederation, 
Congress had no power to discharge the debts in- 
curred by the war. 

What were the Articles of Confederation? 

The Articles of Confederation were the form of 
government under which the United States existed 
for nearly twelve years previous to the adoption of 
the present federal constitution. 

What history can you give of the Articles of Confederation ? 

As early as 1775, Dr. Franklin presented to Con- 
gress a plan of union. In 1776, a committee sub- 
mitted the Articles of Confederation, which, with 
some modifications, were adopted by Congress, in 
1777, but were not ratified by the states till 1781. 

When it ivas found that the Articles of Confederation did not confer 
the requisite power upon Congress, what attempt was made to raise 
funds? 

Congress called upon the individual states for 



lJc!4 AMEEICAN REVOLUTION. 

funds, and they, in response, resorted to direct taxa- 
tion. 

Wliat was the consequence ? 

The efforts made by the several states produced 
great excitement, especially in Massachusetts, where 
the opposition grew to an open insurrection, know T n 
in history as Shay's Rebellion. 

What further can you state of Shay's Rebellion 1 ? 

It was suppressed in 1787, with but little blood- 
shed, by a strong military force sent against the in- 
surgents. 

What teas the general feeling at that time with regard to the national 
form of government? 

It was felt that the Articles of Confederation were 
not adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and that 
measures should be taken to revise them. 

What measures were accordingly taken ? 

A convention of delegates from all the states ex- 
cept Khode Island, met at Philadelphia ; and, by a 
unanimous vote, elected Washington to preside over 
their deliberations. 

What was the result of their deliberations t 

Instead of revising the Articles of Confederation, 
they formed a constitution, which, with some amend- 
ments made in after years, still exists as the Consti- 
tution of the United States. 

What can you say of the adoption of the Constitution ? 

It was adopted by the convention, after four months' 
deliberation, on the 17th of September, 1787. 

What further can you say of it? 

After being submitted to Congress, and ratified by 
the requisite number of states, though not without 
opposition, it went into legal operation on the 4th of 
March, 1789. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



185 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party, t Doubtful. 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


FORCES ENGAGED 


American. 


British. 


AnVric'n 


British. 


J775. 
April 19, 


Lexington, 


Parker,* 


Smith.* 


unknwn 


1,700 


June 17, 


Bunker Hill, 


Prescott, 


Gen. Howe,* 


1,500 


3,000 


Dec. 81, 

1776. 
June 28, 




Montgomery, . 


Carleton,* . . . 


900 


1,200 




Fort Moultrie, . . . 


Moultrie,* 


Parker, 


400 


4,000 


Aug. 27, 


Long Island, 


Putnam,. 


Gen. Howe,*. 


10,000 


20,000 


Oct. 28, 


White Plains, 


McDougall,.. . 


Leslie.* 


1,600 


2.000 


Nov. 16, 


Fort Washington, 


Magaw, 


Gen. Howe,*. 


3.(00 


5,000 


Dec. 26, 

1777. 
Jan. 3, 




Washington,*.. 


Rahl, 


2,400 


1,000 




Princeton, 


Washington,*. 


Mawhood, . . . 


5,000 


1,800 


April 27, 


Ridgefield, 


Arnold, 


Try on,* 


500 


1.500 


July 7, 


Hubbardton, 


Warner, 


F raser,* 


700 


1,200 


Aug. 6, -j 


Oriskany,T 

F. Schuvler. sortie 


Herkimer, .... 
Willett,* 


St. Leger, . . | 
J. Johnson, j 


1,000 


1,500 


Aug.l6-j 


Bennington (1st), 
(Second battle), .. 


Stark,*. 

Warner,*..,. . . 


Baum.. . . | 
Breyman. ( ' ' 


2,000 


1,200 


Sept. 11, 


Brandywine,. ... 


Washington,. . . 


Gen. Howe,*. 


11,000 


18,000 


Sep. 19-j 


1st Stillwater, or 1 
Be mis Heights, ) 


Gates,* 


Burgoyne, . . . 


2,500 


3,000 


Sept. 20, 


Paoli, 


Wayne, 


Grey,* 


1,5.00 


3,000 


Oct. 4, 


German town, 


Washington, . 


Gen. Howe,* 


11,000 


15,000 


Oct. 6,-j 


Fort Clinton, 

Fort Montgomery, 


Jas. Clinton, ) 
Gov. Clinton, j 


SirlLClinton* 


GOO 


3,000 


Oct. 7,-j 


2d Stillwater, | 
or Saratoga, [ ' 


Gates.* 


Burgoyne,.. .. 


S,000 


4,500 


Oct. 22, 


Fort .Mercer, 


Col. Greene,* . 


Donop, 


450 


2,000 


Oct. 23, 


Fort Mifflin, 


Col. Smyth,*.. 


Gen. Howe,.. 


400 


Mixed. 


Nov. 16, 

177S. 
June 28, 


Fort Mifflin, .... 


Maj. Thayer . . . 


Gen. Howe,* . 


400 


Mixed. 


Monmouth, 


Washington,* . 


Clinton, 


12,000 


11,000 


July 3. 


Wyoming, 


Col. Z. Butler,* 


John Butler,* 


400 


1,100 


Ansr. 29, 


Rhode Island, 


Sullivan,* 


Pigot, 


5,000 


5,000 


Dec. 29, 


Savannah, 


Robert Howe.. 


Campbell,*. 


900 


2,000 


1779. 
Jan. 9, 












Sunbury, 


Lane 


Prevost,*. — 


200 


2.000 


Feb. 14, 


Kettle Creek, 


Pickens,* 


Boyd 


300 


700 


March 3, 


Br.er Creek, 


Ashe, 


Prevost,* 


1,200 


1,S00 


June 20, 


Stono Ferry, 


Lincoln 


Maitland,* . .. 


800 


1,200 


Julv 15, 


Stony Point, 


Wayne,* 


Johnson, 


1,200 


600 


Aug. 13. 
Aug. 19, 


Penobscot, 

Paulus Hook, 


Lovell 


McLean,* 

Sutherland,... 


900 
350 


3,000 
250 


Major Lee,*. . . 


Aug. 29, 


Chemung, 


Sullivan,* 


Brant 


4,000 


1,500 


Sept. 23, 


Flaniboro' Head, 


Paul Jones,* 


Pearson 


squad'n 


2 vessels 


Oct. 9, 
17S0. 
April 14, 
May 12, 


Savannah, 


Lincoln, 


Prevost,* .... 


4,500 


2,900 


Monk's Corner, . . 
Charleston, 




Tarleton.*.... 
Clinton,*. . . . 


300 
3,700 


600 
9,000 


Lincoln, 


May 29, 


Waxhaw, 


Buforci,....:... 


i Tarleton,* . . . 


41)0 


700 


June 23. 


Springfield 


Greene,* 


Knvphausen,. 


3,000 


5,000 


July 30, 


Rocky Mount, . . . 


Sumter 


■ Turnbull,*... 


600 


500 


Aug. 6, 


Hanging Rock,. . . 


Sumter,* 


Brown, 


600 


500 


Aug.l6-j 


Sanders Creek, 1 
or. 1st Camden, j 


Gates, 


Cornwallis,* . 


3,000 


2,200 


Aug. 18, 


Fishing Creek,.. . 


Sumter 


Tarleton,* . . . 


700 


350 



16* 



186 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



DATF8. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. '[FORCES ENGAGED. 


American. 


British. 


Am'ric'n 


British 


Oct. 7, 
Nov. 12, 
Nov. 20, 

1781. 
Jan. 17, 
M'ch 15, 

Ap'125-j 

June IS, 
Sept 6, 
Sept. 8, 
Oct, 19, 


King's Mountain 
Fishdam Ford, 
Blackstocks, 


Campbell,*.... 

Sumter,* 

Sumter,* 


Ferguson, . . . 

Wemyss, 

Tarleton, . . . 


900 
500 
500 


1,100 
450 
400 


Cowpens, 

Guilford C. H.,... 
Hobkirk's Hill, | 

or, 2d Camden, f 

Ninety Six, 

Fort Griswold, . . 
Eutaw Springst.. 
Yorktown 


Morgan,* 

Greene,.. 

Greene, 

Grepne, 

Ledyard, 

Greene, 

Washington*,. 


Tarleton 

Cornwallis,. . 

Rawdon,* . . . 

Cruger,* 

Eyre,* 

Steward, 

Cornwallis,.. . 


900 

4,400 

1,200 

1,000 
150 

2,000 
16,000 


1,000 
2,400 

900 

550 

fcOO 

2,800 

7,500 



9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 

13. 
14. 

15. 
16. 

17. 

18. 
19. 
20. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

"What was effected by Arnold in his southern expedition ?. . . . 173 

In whose service was Arnold at the time ? 173 

What plan against Arnold was arranged by Washington?. . .. 174 

Why was not the plan carried out? 174 

Why was Gates removed from the command of the southern 

army ? 174 

Who, after his removal, took command of the army? 174 

Whom did Greene send to the western part of South Caro- 
lina ? 174 

Whom did Cornwallis send? 174 

For what purpose was Morgan sent ? 174 

For what purpose was Tarleton sent ? 174 

Give an account of the battle of the Cowpens 174 

After the battle of the Cowpens, in what direction did Morgan 
retreat? (See map, page 163 ) 

By whom was Morgan pursued ? 175 

At what river did Cornwallis meet with his first disappoint- 
ment? 175 

How was the disappointment caused ? 175 

How far had Morgan retreated, before Greene arrived and took 

the command ? 175 

At what river did Cornwallis meet with his second disappoint- 
ment? 175 

How was his second disappointment caused ? 175 

Give an account of the battle of Guilford Court House 176 

What was Cornwallis obliged to do after the battle ? 176 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 187 

PAGK 

21. Give an account of Greene's movements after the battle 176 

22. When did the battle of Hobkirk's Hill take place? 176 

23. Give an account of the battle of Hobkirk's Hill 176 

24. Give an account of Greene's operations against Ninety Six.. . 177 

25. State the case of Colonel Isaac Hayne 177 

26. When did the battle of Eutaw Springs take place ? 177 

27. Give an account of the battle of Eutaw Springs 177, 178 

28. What destruction did Cornwallis effect in 1781 ? 178 

29. What did Lafayette undertake, and why did he fail? 178 

30. What design did Washington abandon, and why? 178 

31. Why did Cornwallis take a position at Yorktown? 178 

32. How is Yorktown situated? (See map, page 24.) 

33. Why did Clinton send Arnold against Connecticut? 179 

34. Give an account of Arnold's operations in Connecticut 179 

35. Give an account of what took place at Fort Griswold 179 

36. In what, the main object, did Arnold's expedition fail? 179 

37. What forces laid siege to Yorktown in 17S1 ? 180 

38. What important aid did the Count de Grasse render? 180 

39. What can you say of an action between De Grasse and Graves? 180 

40. Why did Graves abandon the attempt to relieve Cornwallis?. 180 

41. What plan of escape did Cornwallis determine upon? 180 

42. Why was he not able to carry out his plan 180 

43. When did Cornwallis surrender? 180 

44. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown, with its results. ... 180 

45. What was the effect, in America, of Cornwallis's surrender?.. 181 

46. What was the effect, in Europe, of his surrender? 181 

47. When and where was a preliminary treaty of peace signed?. . 181 

48. Name the American commissioners who signed the treaty. . . . 181 

49. On what anniversary did hostilities cease by proclamation?. .. 181 

50. When and where was a definitive treaty of peace signed ?. . . 181 

51. What were the important terms of the treaty? 181, 182 

52. What was the financial condition of the United States, at the 

close of the war ? 182 

53. How did the financial troubles affect the army? 182 

54. What service did Washington render at that crisis? 182 

55. Who succeeded Clinton in the command of the British? 182 

5G. When did the British evacuate New York ? 182 

57. Give an account of Washington's resignation as commander. . 183 

58. Give an account of the revolt known as Shay's Rebellion 184 

59. Give the history of the Articles of Confederation 183, 184 



SECTION -VI. 

From the beginning of Washington' 's Administration, in 
1789, to the Close of Jefferson's, in 1809. 

WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Who was elected the first president of the United States ? 

The first election for president of the United States 
resulted in the choice of George Washington. 

By what vote was he elected ? 

He received the whole number of electoral votes. 

Who was the first vice-president ? 

The first vice-president was John Adams. 

When and where ivas Washington inaugurated ? 

On the 30th of April, 1789, Washington appeared 
before the first constitutional Congress, then in session 
at the city of New York, and was inaugurated. 

What executive departments were created by Congress ? 

Congress created three executive departments, the 
heads of which were to constitute the president's 
cabinet. 

Whom did Washington select for his cabinet ? 

Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was appointed secre- 
tary of state, Alexander Hamilton, of New York, 
secretary of the treasury, and Henry Knox, of Mas- 
sachusetts, secretary of war. 

What claimed the first consideration of Congress ? 

The condition of the treasury was the first thing to 
be considered, and Hamilton was directed to report 
a system of revenue. 

How did Hamilton succeed? 

Hamilton's system of revenue, proposed in 1790, was 
adopted by Congress ; and, upon his recommendation, 



Washington's administration; 189 

the public debts incurred during the war, were as- 
sumed by the general government. 

What did Congress do with reference to the seat of government? 

A law was passed, establishing the seat of govern- 
ment at Philadelphia for ten years ; and afterward 
locating it somewhere on the Potomac. 

What was done with reference to a national lank f 

In 1791, the Bank of the United States was incor- 
porated by act of Congress. 

What addition was made to the Union in that year ? 

"Vermont, called originally the New Hampshire 
Grants, was admitted into the Union in 1791. 

What had prevented the admission of Vermont at an earlier day ? 

For many years, both New York and New Hamp- 
shire had laid claim to the territory. New York 
having finally yielded her claim for $30,000, Vermont 
became the fourteenth state of the confederacy. 

What war broke out during Washington's administration ? 

As early as 1790, an Indian war broke out on the 
north-western frontiers. 

How did Washington at first endeavor to stop itf 

Washington attempted to suppress it by pacific 
means, but without effect. 

What was then done ? 

An expedition, under General Harmar, was sent 
against the Indians. 

What was the result of the expedition ? 

Several Indian villages and large crops of corn 
were destroyed; but, in two battles fought in the 
north-eastern part of Indiana, Harmar was defeated 
with much loss. 

What was undertaken after Harmar 's defeat ? 

A second expedition, under General St. Clair, who 
was then governor of the North-West Territory, was 
sent against the Indians. 



190 Washington's administration. 

What was the result f 

In 1791, while encamped in the western part of 
Ohio, St. Clair was surprised, and defeated with the 
loss of about six hundred men. 

What, was done after the defeat of St. Clair ? 

General Wayne was appointed to succeed St. Clair. 
He marched against the Indians; defeated them at 
the battle of the Mau-mee', in 1794; and laid waste 
their country. 

How was the war brought to a close ? 

A treaty was made with the Indians in 1795, by 
which a large tract of country was ceded to the 
United States. 

What addition was made to the Union in 1192 ? 

Kentucky was admitted into the Union in 1792. 

Who were the successful candidates at the second election for president 
and vice-president"? 

Washington, whose first term expired on the 4th 
of March, 1793, was unanimously re-elected: Adams 
was also rechosen to the vice-presidency. 

What warlike events were at that time taking place in Europe 1 

The French Revolution was m progress ; and, early 
in 1793, news reached the United States that France 
had declared war against England and Holland. 

What did the French minister to the United States undertake to do in 
this country ? 

M. Genet, minister to the United States from the 
French republic, began to fit out privateers in our 
ports, to cruise against the vessels of nations at war 
with France. 

What did Genets conduct lead to ? 

Genet, persisting in his course in opposition to the 
remonstrance of the president, Washington requested 
and obtained his recall. 

What can you say of Genets successor ? 

M. Fouehet (fo-shaf)^ Genet's successor, was instruct- 



191 

ed to assure the president that France disapproved 
the conduct of his predecessor. 

What insurrection in the United States broke out in IT 94? 

The people of western Pennsylvania openly resisted 
the execution of the law of 1791, imposing duties on 
domestic liquors. 

What measure was taken to suppress the insurrection ? 

Washington sent a large body of militia to enforce 
obedience. 

With what result? 

The approach of the militia had the desired effect; 
and thus, in 1794, the Whisky Insurrectio7i was sup- 
pressed. 

How were the peaceful relations between the United States and Great 
Britain threatened during Washington 's administration ? 

The American and British governments accused 
each other of having violated the stipulations set 
forth in the treaty of 1783, and so bitter did the 
spirit of the complaints become, that a war seemed 
inevitable. 

How was the war avoided ? 

The threatened war was avoided by a treaty which 
Mr. Jay, envoy-extraordinary to the British court, 
negotiated in 1795. 

What slate was added to the Union next after Kentucky *? 

Tennessee was admitted into the Union in 1796. 

What did Washington do at the close of his second presidential term? 

At the close of his second term, Washington, having 
declined a re-election, retired to the quietude of his 
home at Mount Yernon. 



192 



JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Who succeeded Washington as president of the United States? 

Washington was succeeded by John Adams. 

Who succeeded Adams as vice-president ? 

John Adams was succeeded in the vice-presidency 
by Thomas Jefferson. 

What was the length of John Adams's administration? 

John Adams was president for only one term, ex- 
tending from March 4th, 1797, to March 4th, 1801, a 
period of four years. 

What were the principal events of his administration ? 

During his administration, difficulties with France 
of a warlike character, and the death of Washing- 
ton occurred; and the seat of government was re- 
moved from Philadelphia. 

What was the cause of the difficulties with France ? 

The neutral position taken by the United States in 
the war between France and England, gave offence to 
the French government. 

Mow was the offence aggravated? 

The treaty with Great Britain, negotiated by Mr. 
Jay, augmented the offence. 

How was the displeasure of the French government manifested ? 

The French government authorized depredations 
upon the commerce of the United States, and ordered 
the American minister, Mr. Pinckney, to leave 
France. 

What did the President do under the circumstances ? 

Mr. Adams convened an extraordinary Congress, 
to consider the outrages of the French government. 

What was done with a view to reconciliation ? 

Three envoys were sent to France, to adjust the 
difficulties. 



ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 193 

How were the envoys treated ? 

The French government refused them an audience, 
except on humiliating conditions ; consequently their 
mission proved a failure. 

What preparations were then made by the United Stales for war? 

Congress adopted measures for putting the coun- 
try in a state of defence, and authorized a standing 
army and a naval armament. 

Who was appointed to the command of the army ? 

Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of 
the army. 

What hostilities took place? 

Hostilities were commenced at sea : in one case 
an American schooner was taken, and in another a 
French frigate was captured by the United States 
frigate Constellation. 

What mournful event took place during the troubles with France ? 

Washington did not live to see peace restored be- 
tween the United States and France: he died at 
Mount Vernon, on the 14th of December, 1799. 

What effect did the news of his death produce ? 

His death was regarded as a national bereavement. 
Congress paid honors to his memory, and the people 
everywhere mourned over the loss which the nation 
had sustained. 

Row were the difficulties with France settled? 

The French government made overtures of peace; 
and, in 1800, a treaty was concluded with Napoleon 
Bonaparte, who had become First Consul of France. 

What change took place in the year after Washington's death? 

The seat of government was removed from Phila- 
delphia to Washington, during the summer of 1800. 

Who succeeded John Adams as president ? 

John Adams was succeeded in the presidency by 
Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 
17 



194 JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

When and where was Jefferson inaugurated ? 

Jefferson was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
1801, at Washington. 

What ivas the length of his administration ? 

He was president for two terms, or eight years, 
extending from the 4th of March, 1801, to the 4th of 
March, 1809. 

What additions were made to the Union during the early part of his 
administration f 

Ohio was admitted into the Union, in 1802 ; and 
Louisiana was purchased of France, in 1803, for fif- 
teen millions of dollars. 

, Of what advantage was the purchase of Louisiana ? 

The United States secured by the purchase of Loui- 
siana, the free navigation of the Mississippi to the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

What can you say of an expedition sent to the Mediterranean in 1803 ? 

In 1803, Commodore Preble (preb'-el) was sent to 
humble the pirates of the Barbary States, who, not- 
withstanding the tribute paid by the United States, 
were becoming more insolent and exacting. 

. What can you say of Preble's operations ? 

Preble first appeared against Morocco, and, after 
exacting terms of the emperor, proceeded to Tripoli 
trip'-o-le). 

What befell a vessel of Preble's squadron ? 

The Philadelphia, an American frigate, while re- 
connoitring in the harbor of Tripoli, struck on a 
rock, and was captured by the Tripolitans, who con- 
signed her crew to slavery. 

What gallant exploit was afterward performed in connection with the 
captured frigate? 

Lieutenant Decatur, with a few brave companions, 



JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. l9o 

entered tlie harbor of Tripoli, boarded the Philadel- 
phia, killed or drove into the sea every one of the 
Tripoli tan crew, and, after setting the vessel on lire, 
escaped without losing a man. 

What remarkable expedition was undertaken against Tripoli 1 ? 

Mr. Eaton, the American consul at Tunis, concerted 
an expedition with Hamet, the exiled though right- 
ful heir to the throne of Tripoli. 

With what force and from what place did Eaton set out? 

Eaton left Alexandria, Egypt, with a force consist- 
ing of seventy American seamen, Hamet and his fol- 
lowers, and some Egyptian troops, and marched 
against the reigning sovereign of Tripoli. 

What can you say of Eaton's success ? 

He accomplished the march of a thousand miles 
across a desert country, captured Derne, a Tripolitan 
city, and defeated the enemy in two important en- 
gagements. 

How teas the war brought to a close f 

In the midst of Eaton's success, a treaty of peace 
was concluded between the bashaw and Mr. Lear, 
the American consul-general in the Mediterranean. 

What duel, in which two prominent citizens of the United States were 
engaged, took place in 1804? 

In 1804, a political quarrel between Alexander 
Hamilton and Aaron Burr, led to a duel between 
them in which Hamilton was killed. 

What elevated position was Burr holding at the time ? 

At the time of the duel, Burr was vice-president 
of the United States. 

Who succeeded Burr as vice-president"? 

When Jefferson was re-elected president for a sec- 
ond term, George Clinton, of New York, was at the 
same time chosen vice-president to succeed Burr. 



196 

What grand scheme was Burr afterward engaged in ? 

Iii 1806, Burr undertook to found an empire west 
of the Alleghanies. 

How was the undertaking cut short ? 

Burr was arrested by order of the president of the 
United States, and tried on a charge of treason ; but, 
for want of sufficient evidence, he was acquitted. 

In the mean time, what European troubles were affecting American 
affairs ? 

The war between England and France, though at 
first proving profitable to the American shipping en- 
gaged in the carrying- trade between the ports of the 
two hostile nations, resulted in the adoption of meas- 
ures injurious to American commerce. 

What toas the first injurious measure adopted by England f 

England declared the coast of Europe, from the 
Elbe to Brest, to be in a state of blockade. 

What measure of retaliation did France adopt ? 

France retaliated by declaring the British islands 
in a state of blockade. 

What measure of retaliation upon France was adopted ? 

In 1807, the coast trade with France was prohibited 
by the British government. 

What claim, as regards the " right of search ," did England maintain f 

England claimed the right of searching American 
vessels, and impressing into her service all persons of 
English birth, found on board. 

What event occurred in 1807, growing out of the claim set up by Eng- 
land? 

The American frigate Chesapeake, when off the 
capes of Virginia, in June, 1807, was attacked by the 
British frigate Leopard. 

With xohat result ? 

The Chesapeake being unprepared for action, struck 
her colors, after having three men killed and eighteen 
wounded. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 197 

What proceedings completed the outrage f 

Four of the Chesapeake's crew, claimed by the 
commander of the Leopard as British deserters, were 
transferred to the enemy's vessel. 

What was done by the president of the United States in consequence? 

The outrage upon the Chesapeake provoked the 
president to issue a proclamation ordering all British 
armed vessels to leave the waters of the United States. 

What measures, affecting the commerce of the United States injuriously 
were adopted by England and France toward the close of 1807 ? 

The British government issued " Orders in Council/' 
forbidding all trade with France and her allies; and 
Bonaparte retaliated by issuing the " Milan Decree," 
forbidding all trade with England and her colonies. 

What measure was adopted by Congress at that crisis f 

Congress laid an embargo upon all vessels within 
the jurisdiction of the United States. 

What was the effect ? 

The act not only failed to obtain from England 
and France an acknowledgment of American rights, 
but, on account of its ruinous effects upon the ship- 
ping interests, was very unpopular among the com- 
mercial classes of the United States. 

What was consequently done by Congress ? 

The embargo was repealed, and the non-inter- 
course law, prohibiting all commerce with France 
and Great Britain, was substituted. 

At the expiration of Mr. Jefferson's second term, ivho became presi- 
dent ? 

James Madison, of Virginia, succeeded Mr. Jeffer- 
son. 
17* 



EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 



KEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGR 

1. Who was the first president of the United States? 188 

2. Who was the first vice-president of the United States? 188 

3. When was Washington inaugurated president? 188 

4. In what city did the inauguration take place? 188 

5. Who was the first secretary of state ? 188 

6. Who was the first secretary of the treasury? 188 

7. Who was the first secretary of war? 188 

8. What report was Hamilton called upon to make? 188 

9. In what year did he report a system of revenue ? 188 

10. How were the state debts, incurred by the war, disposed of?. 189 

11. What city next after New York became the capital? 189 

12. What national incorporation was established in 1791 ? 189 

13. Which state became the fourteenth of the Union ? 189 

14. When was Vermont admitted into the Union? 189 

15. By what name had Vermont been previously known ? 189 

16. Why did not Vermont enter the Union before 1791 ? 189 

17. What war was commenced in the 3 r ear 1790 ? 189 

18. Who, at the time, was president of the United States? 189 

19. What kind of means were at first used to suppress the war?. 189 

20. On what expedition was General Harmar sent? 189 

21. What destruction did General Harmar effect ? 189 

22. What reverses did General Harmar meet with? 189 

23. On what expedition was General St. Clair sent ? 189 

24. Give an account of the defeat sustained by St. Clair 190 

25. Who succeeded St. Clair in the command against the Indians ? 190 

26. Give an account of St. Clair's operations 190 

27. In what year did the battle of the Maumee occur? 190 

28. Where was the battle fought ? (See map, page 209.) 

29. When and how was the war brought to a close ? 190 

30. When was Kentucky admitted into the Union ? 190 

31. When did Washington commence his second term of office?.. 190 

32. Who then commenced a second term of the vice-presidency?. 190 

33. During Washington's presidency what occurred in France?. . 190 

34. What European news reached the United States in 1793?. . . 190 

35. Who was Genet, and what did he undertake to do? 190 

36. What further account can you give of Genet ? 190 

37. Who was Fouchet, and what instruction did he como with ? 1 90, 191 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 199 

PAGH 

38. When did the Whisky Insurrection break out ? 191 

39. What account can you give of the Insurrection? 191 

40. What important treaty was made in the year 1783 ? 181 

41. What trouble occurred about the carrying out of the treaty ?. 191 

42. When was "Jay's Treaty" made, and what did it accomplish? 19 L 

43. When was Tennessee admitted into the Union ? 191 

44. Why was not Washington elected for a third term ? 191 

45. To what place did he retire at the close of his second term ?. . 191 

46. How is Mount Vernon situated? (See map, page 24.) 

47. Who was Washington's successor, and when inaugurated?. . 192 

48. When did John Adams's administration begin and end? 192 

49. How did the United States give offence to the French ?..... 192 

50. What part did "Jay's Treaty" have in the matter? 192 

51. Give an account of the difficulties that followed 192, 193 

52. When and where did Washington's death occur? 193 

53. How old was Washington at his death? 270, 193 

54. What place after Philadelphia, became the U. S. capital?. . . . 193 

55. In what year did Washington city become the capital ? 193 

56. Who was John Adams's presidential successor? 193 

57. When did Jefferson's administration begin and end? 194 

58. When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? 194 

59. How was Louisiana acquired by the United States? 194 

60. On what expedition was Commodore Preble sent in 1803 ?. . . 194 

61. What was the result of the expedition, as regards Morocco?.. 194 

62. Give an account of the loss of the frigate Philadelphia? 194 

63. Give an account of Decatur's gallant exploit 194, 195 

64. Who was Mr. Eaton, and what did he undertake? 195 

65. Give an account of Eaton's expedition 195 

66. How was Hamet disappointed in his expectations? 195 

67. What can you state of the duel between Burr and Hamilton? 195 

68. What did Burr undertake to do, two years after the duel ?. . . 196 

69. What further can you state of Burr and his scheme? 196 

10. How did the European war affect American commerce? 196 

11. What can you state as to England's " right of search" claim ?. 196 

12. Give an account of the attack upon the Chesapeake ?. . . . 196, 197 

13. What can you state as to the " British Orders in Council ?". . . 197 

14. What can you state of "Bonaparte's Milan Decree?" 197 

15. What is said of the " Embargo Act" passed by Congress?. . . 197 

16. When the " Embargo Act" was repealed, what was substituted ? 197 

17. Who was Jefferson's successor in the presidency? 197 



SECTION "VII. 

Madison's Administration ; from March 4th, 1809, to March 
4th, 1817. — The Second War with England. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
When was Madison inaugurated ? 

Madison was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 

1809. 

What was the length of his administration f 

Madison was president for two terms, or eight 
years, extending from the 4th of March, 1809, to the 
4th of March, 1817. 

Did any change take place during the early part of his administration, 
in the commercial restrictions imposed by France and England? 

In 1S10, Napoleon revoked his hostile decree, but 
the orders of England were continued in active 
force. 

While the British were enforcing their orders, what check did they re- 
ceive t 

In May, 1811, the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, 
Captain Bingham, fired into the American frigate 
President, Commodore Rogers, but found her fire re- 
turned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few min- 
utes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded. 

What troubles did the United States have with the western Indians 
about that time ? 

The Indians on the western frontiers, incited by 
British emissaries and influenced by the appeals of 
Tecumseh, formed a confederacy against the people 
of the United States. 



Madison's administration. 201 

Wio loas Tecumseh ? t 

Tecumseh was a celebrated Indian chief, of the 
Shawnee tribe. 

Who was sent against the Indians ? 

General Harrison, then governor of the Indian ter- 
ritory, marched against the Indians. 

Where did Harrison make a halt? 

He encamped near Tippecanoe, the town of the 
Propl let, situated at the junction of the Tippecanoe 
and Wabash rivers. 

Who was the Prophet? 

The Prophet was a brother of Tecumseh, who, by 
predictions and promises, had acquired great influence 
over the tribes along the Wabash. 

What precaution did Harrison observe? 

Although the Prophet had proposed a conference, 
Harrison suspected treachery, and ordered his troops 
to sleep on their arms. 

What took place on the day after the encampment? 

Early on the morning of the 7th of November, 
1811, the Indians made a furious attack upon the 
American camp; but, after a desperate and bloody 
contest of two hours, they were repulsed. 

EVENTS OF 1812. 
When was war proclaimed against Great Britain? 

In June, 1812, the president of the United States, 
in conformity with an act of Congress, issued a proc- 
lamation declaring war against Great Britain. 

What were the principal causes of the war ? 

The principal causes of the war, were the impress- 
ment of American seamen by the British ; the block- 
ade of French ports, supported by no adequate force ; 
and the British " Orders in Council." 



202 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



What preparations were made for the war? 

Congress authorized the president to enlist 25,000 
men; to raise 50,000 volunteers; and to call out 
100,000 militia for the defence of the sea-coasts and 
frontiers. 

Who was appointed to command the forces f 

Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, an officer who 
had served with credit in the Revolution, was appoint- 
ed commander-in-chief of the army. 



What town is opposite to 
Detroit t 

What fort was nearly op- 
posite to Broivnsloivn ? 

On what river is French- 
town situated? 

In what direction from 
Detroit is Brownstown ? 

Frenchtown ? 

On what river was Fort 
Meigs situated ? 

In what direction from 
Fort Meigs was Fort 
Stephenson ? 

What river flows into 
lake St. Clair from 
Canada ? 

What battle was fought 
near that river ? 

In what year did the 
battle occur ? 



DETROIT 

JtSD 
TICJLSTITX" 




^(jFt.Step7icnson 
** r 



At the time of the declaration of war, what army did the United States 
have at the north-west ? 

At the time of the declaration of war, General 
Hull, governor of Michigan Territory, was marching 
from Ohio to Detroit, against the hostile Indians of 
the north-west. 

What special authority was vested in Hull? 

Hull was authorized by the secretary of war, to 



madison's administration. 203 

invade Canada, " if consistent with the safety of his 
own posts." 

What did Hull do by virtue of such authority ? 

He crossed the Detroit river to attack Fort Mai- 
den. 

In the mean time what misfortune befell the Americans further north* 
vjest ? 

Fort Mackinaw, a strong post on an island at the 
outlet of lake Michigan, was surprised by a force of 
British and Indians, and captured before the garrison 
had heard that war was declared. 

What mistake did Hull make ? 

Instead of at once marching upon Fort Maiden, 
Hull encamped at Sandwich, and thus gave the 
British an opportunity to prepare for defence. 

What defeat was sustained by a detachment of Hull's army? 

A detachment under Major Van Home, sent by 
Hull to convoy a party approaching his camp with 
supplies, was defeated near Brownstown by a force 
of British and Indians. 

What further did Hull do for the convoyance of the supply party ? 

Hull sent a second detachment, under Colonel 
Miller, to accomplish the object in attempting which 
Yan Home had failed. 

Was Miller more successful than Van Home had been ? 

As Miller approached Brownstown, he met and 
routed a large force of British and Indians, under 
Muir and Tecumseh. 

What retrograde movement did Hull make ? 

After waiting nearly a month at Sandwich, Hull 
recrossed the river and took post at Detroit, to the 
great vexation and disappointment of his troops. 

By whom was Hull soon followed to Detroit ? 

General Brock, the British commander, crossed the 
river, with seven hundred regulars and six hundred 



204 madison's administration. 

Indians, and demanded an immediate surrender of 
Detroit. 

Were the Americans prepared for defence? 

Tiie Americans were strongly posted, and were 
confident of victory in the conflict which seemed to 
be before them. 

How did Hull act under the circumstances ? 

Hull ordered his troops to withdraw to the fort, and 
a white flag, in token of submission, to be lifted above 
the works. 

When ivas the surrender made'? 

Detroit, with its fort, was surrendered to Brock, on 
the 16th of August, 1812. 

How did the surrender affect HulVs troops ? 

The shameful deed caused a cry of indignation from 
the American troops. 

Hoiv much did the British gain by the surrender? 

The whole territory of Michigan, with its forts and 
garrisons, was surrendered to the British. 

To what ordeal was Hulls conduct afterward subjected? 

Hull was exchanged for thirty British prisoners, 
and bis conduct underwent examination by a court- 
martial. 

What sentence was pronounced upon him? 

He was acquitted of treason, but found guilty of 
cowardice, and sentenced to be shot. 

Was the sentence put in execution ? 

In consideration of his revolutionary services, he 
was pardoned by the president of the United States. 

In what other quarter was another invasion made by the Americans ? 

An American detachment, under Colonel Solomon 
Yan Rensselaer (van ren'-se-ler\ crossed the Niagara 
river, on the morning of the 13th of October, 1812, 
and proceeded to storm the heights of Queenstown. 



madison's administration. 



205 




On what river is Queens- 
town situated ? 

What large island in the 
Niagara river ? 

What two forts icere sitw 
ated on the west of the 
Niagara river ? 

What large city at the out- 
let of lake Erie t 



What befell Van Ren- 
sselaer ? 

Yan Rensselaer 
received a severe 
wound before the 
assault was made, 
when his troops 
were led by Cap- 
tains Ogilvie and Wool. 

What was the result of the assault ? 

Ogilvie and Wool gallantly moved forward, car- 
ried a British battery, and gained the heights. 

What did the British at once attempt to do ? 

The British, being reinforced by several hundred 
men under General Brock, attempted to regain the 
battery. 

What was the result of the attempt f 

The British were repulsed, and Brock, their com- 
mander, was killed. 

At what place in the vicinity was there a large body of American troops ? 

An American force, mostly militia, under General 
Stephen Yan Rensselaer, was collected at Lewiston, 
on the side of the Niagara river, opposite to Queens- 
town. 
18 



203 

What opinion prevailed among the militia at Lewiston ? 

The militia professed to consider it wrong to invade 
the enemy's country. 

What was the consequence ? 

In consequence of the opinion prevailing among 
the militia, General Van Rensselaer succeeded in 
inducing only about a thousand of his troops to cross 
the river. 

What befell those who crossed? 

They were attacked, on the afternoon of the 13th, 
by a large force of British and Indians, and nearly all 
were killed or taken prisoners. 

How did the conduct of the militia, in refusing to cross the Niagara to 
the relief of their countrymen, affect General Van Rensselaer? 

Van Rensselaer, disgusted with the conduct of the 
militia, soon retired from the service. 

Who succeeded him ? 

He was succeeded by General Alexander Smyth. 

What can you say of Smytli's operations ? 
After projecting two invasions of Canada, neither 
of which was carried out, Smyth resigned. 

How far was the year 1812 favorable to the Americans? 

The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean, dur- 
ing 1812, were as decided as their reverses on land. 

By whom were the triumphs on the ocean commenced? 

The first important triumph on the ocean was 
achieved by Captain Isaac Hull, nephew of General 
Hull. 

In what action did Hull achieve his great triumph ? 

The action took place off the coast of Massachu- 
setts, between the American frigate Constitution, Cap- 
tain Hull, and the British frigate Guerriere (gdre-e- 
dre'\ Captain Dacres. 

When did the action take place ? 

It took place on the 19th of August, 1812, three 
days after General Hull's surrender at Detroit. 



madison's administration. 207 

What account can you give of it 7 

The battle lasted about forty minutes, and resulted 
in the capture of the British frigate. 

What was done with the British vessel ? 

The Guerriere had been so much injured, that it 
was found impossible to bring her into port, and she 
was consequently burned by the victors. 

What account can you give of the engagement between the Wasp and 
the Frolic ? 

In October of 1812, the American sloop-of-war 
"Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the British brig 
Frolic, oft" the coast of North Carolina, after a bloody 
conflict of three-quarters of an hour. 

On boarding the Frolic, what condition of things did the victors find 1 

The Americans, on boarding the Frolic, found a 
melancholy scene of destruction. The decks were 
covered with the dead and the dying. 

What happened to the Wasp, before she could make sail ? 

On the very day of Jones's victory, both vessels 
w r ere captured by a British seventy-four. 

What engagement occurred later in the month of October ? 

The frigate United States, Commodore Decatur, 
encountered the British frigate Macedonian, west of 
the Canary Islands, and, after an action of nearly 
two hours, compelled her to surrender. 

What second victory iuas achieved by the Constitution ? 

While off San Salvador, on the coast of Brazil, the 
Constitution, then commanded by Commodore Bain- 
bridge, gained a second victory, in the capture of the 
British frigate Java. 

When did the engagement take place ? 

The engagement between the Constitution and 
Java occurred on the 29th of December, 1812. 

What losses were sustained by the two vessels? 

The Java lost in the action about a hundred and 



208 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

sixty men, in killed and wounded ; the Constitution, 
only thirty-four. 

What was done with the Java t 

Bainbridge, finding the Java so much riddled that 
it was impossible to get her into an American port, 
burned her three days after the action. 

What can you say of the achievements effected by the privateers ? * 

Privateers scoured the ocean, and British com- 
merce suffered in every direction. Daring the year 
1812, three hundred vessels, with three thousand 
prisoners, besides valuable cargoes, were taken by the 
Americans. 

EVENTS OF 1813. 

In how many divisions were the American land forces arranged at 
the beginning of 1813 f 

At the beginning of 1813, the principal American 
forces were arranged in three armies. 

At what places were the armies, and by whom commanded? 

The Army of the West, near the head of lake 
Erie, was commanded by General Harrison ; the 
Army of the Centre, in the vicinity of the Niagara 
river, by General Dearborn ; and the Army of the 
North, on the shores of lake Champlain, by General 
Hampton. 

Wltat was the design of the Army of the West ? 

It was the design of Harrison's army to recover 
Michigan, and avenge the disgrace of Hull. 

What force, intended to co-operate with Harrison, reached the Maumee 
river f 

In January, 1813, General Winchester, with a force 
of about eight hundred men, principally Kentuckians, 
reached the rapids of the Maumee. 

What information concerning the enemy did Winchester receive while 
there? 

He received information that the inhabitants of 



madison's administration. 



209 



Frenchtown were in danger of being attacked by a 
body of British and Indians. 



Into what body of water [j 
does the Maumee river I 
flow? 

What fort was situated on 
the Maumee? 

What town is near the 
mouth of the Maumee ? 

What place now occupies 
flie site of Fori Stephen- 
son? Ans. Fremont. 

What vms Fremont for- 
merly called ? Ans. 
Lower Sandusky. 

On xohat river is Fremont 
situated ? Ans. The San- 
dusky. 

Into what lay does the 
Sandusky river flow ? 

To what large body of wa- 
ter is Sandusky bay 
tributary ? 



DETROIT 




Kit. Stcpliensoii 

X O 



What did Winchester do for the inhabitants of Frenchtown ? 

He sent a detachment for their protection. 

What did the detachment accomplish ? 

The detachment, finding an advance party of the 
enemy already in possession of the town, attacked 
and dispersed them. 

What was Winchester's next movement? 

Winchester, with the rest of his force, advanced to 
Frenchtown. 

By whom was he attacked at Frenchtown ? 

He was attacked by General Proctor, commanding 
a force of fifteen hundred British and Indians. 

What was the residt ? 

The Americans made a brave defence, but Win- 
18* 



210 

Chester, wlio had been made prisoner during the en- 
gagement, was induced to surrender his troops, on 
condition that they should be protected. 

How toas the condition observed ? 

Proctor failed to observe the condition : his Indian 
allies murdered the wounded prisoners who were 
unable to travel, and then set fire to the houses. 

What did Harrison do upon hearing of Winchester s defeat? 

Harrison constructed a fortified camp on the Mau- 
mee river, which, in honor of the governor of Ohio, 
he called Fort Meigs (megs). 

By whom was the fort besieged? 

On the 1st of May, 1813, Proctor, with a force of 
two thousand British and Indians, laid siege to Fort 
Meigs. 

What happened several days after the commencement of the siege ? 

On the 5th of May, General Clay arrived, with 
twelve hundred Kentuckians, and successfully at- 
tacked the besiegers, compelling them to disperse. 

How were the advantages of the victory partially lost? 

A large body of Clay's troops was surrounded 
while pursuing the enemy, and captured. 

What loss did Proctor sustain by desertion? 

On the eighth day of the siege, Proctor was de- 
serted by his Indian allies, though Tecumseh, their 
chief, had entreated them to remain. 

What was the issue of the siege ? 

On the 9th of May, Proctor abandoned the siege, 
and returned to Fort Maiden. 

Was any other attempt afterward made upon Fort Meigs ? 

In July of 1813, Proctor and Tecumseh appeared 
before Fort Meigs, but finding it well garrisoned, they 
did not attempt an attack. 

What enterprise did Proctor next undertake ? 

Proctor, taking thirteen hundred British and In- 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 211 

dians, marched against Fort Stephenson, at Lower 
Sandusky, now Fre-mont', Ohio. 

Who had command of the fort ? 

The fort was held by Major Crogh/-an, a young 
man only twenty-one years of age. 

What was the strength of the garrison under Croghan ? 

The garrison consisted of but one hundred and 
fifty men ; and they had only one cannon, a six- 
pounder. 

In what icay did Proctor prosecute operations against the fort? 

A cannonade was directed against the fort until a 
breach was effected, when the enemy, on the 2d of 
May, 1813, attempted to carry the place by assault. 

How were they met? 

They were met by a volley of musketry and a 
discharge from the six-pounder, with such terrible 
effect, that, panic-struck, they fled in confusion, leav- 
ing one hundred and fifty of their number killed or 
wounded. 

What warlike preparations were made on lake Erie during the year 
1813? 

During the summer of 1813, two squadrons, the 
one an American, of nine vessels carrying lifty-four 
guns, and the other a British, of six vessels carrying 
sixty-three guns, were fitted out on lake Erie. 

By ivhom were they commanded ? 

The American squadron was commanded by Com- 
modore Perry ; the British, by Commodore Barclay. 

When and where did the two squadrons meet? 

They met on the 10th of September, 1813, near the 
western extremity of lake Erie. 

What was the result of the meeting ? 

A severe battle of four hours took place, in which 
the Americans gained a complete victory, every ves- 
sel of the enemy having surrendered. 



212 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 

In what word , d d Ferry announce his victory ? 

In dispatching information of his victory to Gen- 
eral Harrison, Perry wrote : " We have met the 
enemy, and they are ours." 

How did Harrison follow up the victory gained by Perry ? 

Harrison, reinforced by a large body of Kentuck- 
ians under Governor Shelby, crossed lake Erie, and, 
landing near Fort Maiden, started in pursuit of Proc- 
tor and Tecumseh, who had deserted the fort and were 
in full retreat. 

When and where did Harrison overtake them? 

He overtook them on the 5th of October, 1813, 
near the Moravian village, on the Thames (terns) 
river, eighty miles from Detroit, 

What can you say of the position chosen by Proctor ? 

Proctor, seeing that a battle could not be avoided, 
took a favorable position on a narrow strip of land 
between the river and an extensive swamp. 

Give an account of the battle that took place there. 

The Americans charged, breaking the line of the 
British, and soon compelling them to surrender; but 
the contest with the Indians was more obstinate. 
At length Tecumseh fell, mortally wounded, and the 
savage warriors fled in all directions. 

What can you say of Proctor's conduct in the battle ? 

Proctor fled at the first onset, leaving his carriage, 
private papers, and even his sword, behind him. 

What were the consequences of the battle f 

By the victory achieved by Harrison, the territory 
that Hull had surrendered was recovered ; Tecum- 
seh's Indian confederacy was broken up ; and the 
war on the western frontiers was terminated. 

Where was the battle of the Thames fought ? (See map, page 209.) 
What had been the effect of Tecumseh 1 s influence upon the Indians of 
the South f 

The Creeks, a powerful tribe of Indians at the 



MADISON S ADMINISTEATION. 



213 



South, had been influenced by the appeals of Tecum* 
seh; and, in August of 1813, a large body of them 
surprised Fort Mims, on the Alabama river, and mas- 
sacred nearly three hundred men, women and chil- 
dren. 



How was Fort Mims situ- 
ated? 

What two rivers uniting 
form the Alabama riv- 
er? Ans. The Coosa 
and Tallapoosa. 

What three battles were 
fought with the Indians 
on the banks of the Tal- 
lapoosa ? 

By what name was the 
battle of Tohopeka called 
by the whites ? Ans. The 
battle of the Hor 
Shoe Bend. 

Where v:as Fort Str other 
sititated ? 

What fort is situated at 
the entrance of Mobile 
Eav? 



STATE OF 

ALABAMA 







WJw went against the Creeks, and with what result? 

Generals Jackson and Coffee marched against them 
and fought several battles, in every one of which the 
Indians were defeated. 

Where and when did the Creeks make a final stand? 

A thousand warriors, with their women and chil- 
dren, congregated at the Horse Shoe Bend of the 
Tallapoosa river, and there, in March, 1814, was 
fought the last battle of the Creek War. 

What was the result of the battle ? 

The Creeks, being hemmed in on all sides by the 
Americans, fought with the energy of despair, and 



214 

not till almost six hundred of their number were 
slain, did the battle cease : their defeat was complete. 

What expedition was undertaken oy a portion of the Army of the Cen- 
tre, in April of 1813 f 

General Dearborn, with seventeen hundred troops, 
embarked on board the fleet of Commodore Chaun- 
cey, at Sackett's Harbor, with the design of attempt- 
ing the capture of York, now Toronto, in Canada. 

Why teas it desirable to capture York 1 

York was the principal depository of British mili- 
tary stores, from which the western garrisons were 
supplied. 

What account can you give of the attack on York ? 

On the 27th of April, 1813, the troops landed in 
the face of a severe fire from British and Indians, 
under General Sheaffe (shefe.) They pressed for- 
ward, led by General Pike, and were carrying every 
thing before them, when the enemy's magazine ex- 
ploded, mortally wounding Pike and producing great 
destruction of life among his men; after a moment's 
pause, the troops continued to advance, and were soon 
in possession of the town. 

What is York now called ? Ans. Toronto. 
How is Toronto situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
What was Dearborn's next movement? 

Dearborn returned to Sackett's Harbor, whence, 
after receiving reinforcements, he sailed on board the 
fleet for Fort George, a British post near the mouth 
of the Niagara river. 

What town is on the Niagara, not far from Fort George? (See map. 
page 222.) 

What was the result of the expedition against Fort George ? 

After a brave defence, the British abandoned the 
post, and retreated to Burlington Heights, at the 
western extremity of lake Ontario. 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 215 

What bay near Burlington Heights? (See map, page 222.) 

What took place during the retreat of the British to Burlington Heights ? 

They were pursued by a superior force, under 
Generals Chandler and Winder, and repulsed in a 
night attack which they made on the American camp, 
though both the American generals were taken pris- 
oners. 

What did the absence of the American fleet from Sachet? s Harbor in- 
cite the British to do ? 

The British in Canada, on being informed that the 
fleet of Chauncey had sailed from Sackett's Harbor, 
determined to attack the place. 

What force did they send against Sackett's Harbor? 

They sent a thousand men, commanded by Sir 
George Prevost. 

When was the attempt made ? 

They effected a landing, on the 29th of May, 1813, 
and proceeded to the attack. 

What account can you give of the attack ? 

While their advance was checked by a galling fire 
from a small body of regulars, General Brown, the 
commander, rallied the militia, and directed their 
march as if he designed to seize the enemy's boats 
and cut off their retreat. The stratagem succeeded, 
and the British made a rush for their boats, leaving 
most of their wounded behind. 

Who succeeded Dearborn in the command of the army ? 

Dearborn resigned his command, and was succeed- 
ed by General Wilkinson. 

What plan of invasion was devised by General Armstrong? 

General Armstrong, secretary of state, devised a 
plan for the invasion of Canada. 

How was the invasion to be started ? 

The two armies — that of the Centre, under Wilkin- 
son, and that of the North, under Hampton — were to 



216 madison's administration-. 

form a junction on the St. Lawrence, and proceed 
against Montreal. 

How was the progress of Wilkinson's army impeded ? 

In passing down the St. Lawrence, the Army of 
the Centre was constantly harassed by the enemy. 

What did Wilkinson do in consequence ? 

A force was landed, by order of Wilkinson, to dis- 
perse the harassing parties. 

What account can you give of the battle that ensued ? 

The battle of Chrysler's Field took place near Wil- 
liamsburg, Canada, in which the Americans, though 
losing about one-fifth of their entire force engaged, 
maintained their position. 

How is Williamsburg situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
What was the residt of the expedition planned by Armstrong ? 

Wilkinson, learning that he would not be joined 
by the Army of the North, abandoned the design 
against Montreal, and went into winter-quarters. 

What can you say of the conflicts on the ocean during the year 1813? 

During 1813 there were many severe battles on 
the ocean, and, though the American seamen were 
not so uniformly successful as in the preceding year, 
their gallantry continued to be the theme of admira- 
tion. 

Give some account of the first important naval battle o/1813 ? 

On the 21th of February, 1813, the sloop-of-war 
Hornet, Captain Lawrence, encountered the British 
brig Peacock ; after an action of only fifteen minutes, 
the Peacock struck her colors, and raised a signal of 
distress. 

What occurred after the surrender ? 

The Peacock was so riddled that she sunk in a few 
minutes after the action, carrying down with her nine 
of her own crew and three of the Hornet's. 



madison's administration. 217 

How was Lawrence rewarded for his gallantry ? 

On his return to the United States, Lawrence was 
promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, 
then lying in Boston Harbor. 

When and why did Lawrence leave Boston Harbor t 

He put to sea on the 1st of June, 1813, in search 
of the British frigate Shannon, then cruising off the 
coast. 

Why was he desirous of meeting the Shannon ? 

The commander of the Shannon, Captain Broke, 
had put forth a challenge, which Lawrence resolved 
to accept. 

In what condition were the two vessels ? 

The Chesapeake had imperfect equipments and an 
ill-assorted crew, while the Shannon had a select 
crew, and was in the best possible condition. 

Give an account of the action. 

The two vessels met, and a terrific contest of 
about fifteen minutes ensued. The Chesapeake, after 
having all her superior officers either killed or wound- 
ed, was boarded by the enemy and her flag hauled 
down. 

What was the last order which Lawrence gave ? 

Lawrence was wounded in the early part of the 
action ; being carried below, his last order was, 
" Don't give up the ship." 

What account can you give of a battle that took place in the English 
Channel t 

The American brig Argus, while cruising in the 
English Channel, was captured by the sloop-of-war 
Pelican, after a severe action. 

What account can you give of the action between the Enterprise and the 
Boxer ? 

The American brig Enterprise encountered the 
brig Boxer, off the coast of Maine. The engagement 
19 



218 

lasted about forty minutes, and resulted in the sur 
render of the British vessel. Both commanders were 
killed in the action. 

What can you tell of Captain Porter's operations ? 

Captain Porter, commanding the frigate Essex, 
made a long and successful cruise in the Atlantic and 
Pacific oceans, capturing a large number of British 
vessels. 

How was his cruise or ought to a close ? 

In March, 1814, he was attacked in the harbor of 
Valparaiso, by two British vessels, and after one of 
the most desperate conflicts of the war, was forced to 
surrender. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1. What took place on the 4th of March, 1809 ?. 200 

2. For how many terras was Madison president? 200 

3. When did he vacate the office of president ? 200 

4. What was done by Napoleon in the year 1810 ? 200 

5. Were the British " Orders in Council" revoked then ? 200 

6. What took place in the month of May, 1811 ? 200 

7. What outrage had the British committed off the capes of Vir- 

ginia, about four years before ? 196 

8. What confederacy was formed by Tecumseh's influence? 200 

9. By whom had the Indians been incited to hostilities ? 200 

10. On what expedition was General Harrison sent? 201 

11. What is stated of the Prophet, a brother of Tecumseh? 201 

12. What town was known as the Prophet's ? 201 

13. Where was Tippecanoe situated ? 201 

14. By whom was au encampment made near Tippecanoe ? 201 

15. What proposition did the Prophet make to Harrison ? 201 

16. Did Harrison believe the Prophet to be sincere? 201 

It. How did he guard against the Prophet's treachery? 201 

18. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe 201 

19. What important event took place in June, 1812 ? 201 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 219 

PAGE 

20. State the principal causes of the " War of 1812." 201 

21. What did Congress authorize the president to do ? 202 

22. To what position was General Dearborn appointed? 202 

23. Where had Dearborn previously serbed with credit ? 202 

24. When war was declared, on what expedition was Hull engaged ? 202 

25. What invasion was Hull authorized to make? 202, 203 

26. Give an account of the loss of Fort Mackinaw 203 

27. In invading Canada, what river did Hull cross ? 203 

28. What fort did Hull cross the Detroit to attack 203 

29. At what place, opposite Detroit, did Hull encamp ? 203 

30. What advantage did Hull's delay give to the British? 203 

31. Give an account of the first battle of Brownstown? 203 

32. Who was afterward sent to convoy the supply party ? 203 

33. Give an account of the second battle of Brownstown 203 

34. How long did Hull's encampment continue at Sandwich ?. . . . 203 

35. What was his first movement thereafter? 203 

36. How did the movement affect his troops? 203 

37. What movement against Detroit was made by Gen. Brock? 203, 204 

38. How did the Americans feel, in anticipation of a conflict?. . . . 204 

39. Just then, what disgraceful orders were given by Hull? 204 

40. When did Hull surrender to Brock? 204 

41. How did Hull's surrender affect the American troops? 204 

42. What did the Americans lose by Hull's surrender ? 204 

43. What further account can you give of General Hull? 204 

44. When was the battle of Queenstown fought? 204 

45. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown 204, 205, 206 

46. What British officer fell at the battle of Queenstown? 205 

47. What account can you give of General Brock? 203, 204, 205 

48. Why did General Van Rensselaer retire from the service?. . . 206 

49. Who was Van Rensselaer's successor ? 206 

50. Did General Smyth accomplish any thing 206 

51. What can you say of the triumphs on the ocean during 1812 ? 206 

52. When did the Constitution gain her first victory? 206 

53. Give an account of the battle 206, 207 

54. What did the Americans do with the Guerriere? 207 

55. When did the Wasp capture the Frolic? 207 

56. Give an account of the action between the Wasp and Frolic. . 207 

57. What soon afterward befell the Wasp and Frolic? 207 

58. What vessel captured the British frigate Macedonian ? 207 

59. Give an account of the action between the two vessels 207 



220 KEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

60. "When did the Constitution win her second victory? 207 

61. Give an account of the Constitution's second victory. . . . 207, 208 

62. Give an account of the battle of Frenchtown 208, 209, 210 

63. What followed after the American troops surrendered? 210 

64. "Where and by whom was Fort Meigs constructed? 210 

65. "What siege took place in May of 1813 ? 210 

66. Give an account of the victory gained by General Clay 210 

67. "What befell a large body of Clay's troops ? 210 

68. Give an account of the siege of Fort Meigs 210 

69. "What fort on the Sandusky river, did Proctor go against ? 211 

70. How old at the time was Croghan, the commander of the fort? 211 

71. When was the battle of Fort Stephenson fought? 211 

72. Give an account of the battle of Fort Stephenson 211 

73. What command did Commodore Perry have in 1813 ? 211 

74. What command did Commodore Barclay have? 211 

75. When did the battle between Perry and Barclay occur? 211 

76. What account can }'ou give of Perry's victory ? 211 

77. How did Perry inform General Harrison of his victory? 212 

78. Give an account of Harrison's pursuit of Proctor 212 

79. When was the battle of the Thames fought ? 212 

80. Give an account of the battle of the Thames 212 

81. What advantages were derived from Harrison's victory? 212 

82. What massacre occurred in August of 1813 ? 213 

83. What was the last battle of the Creek War? 213 

84. Give an account of the battle of Horse Shoe Bend 213, 214 

85. When was the battle of York fought ? 214 

86. Give an account of the battle of York 214 

87. Give an account of the battle of Fort George 214 

88. What misfortune befell Generals Chaudler and Winder? 215 

89. Give an account of the battle of Sackett's Harbor 215 

90. By whom was Dearborn succeeded in the command? 215 

91. Give an account of the battle of Chrysler's Field. 216 

92. When did the action between the Hornet and Peacock occur? 216 

93. Give an account of the action 216 

94. Why was Lawrence chosen to command the Chesapeake? 216, 217 

95. Why did Lawrence go in search of the Shannon? 217 

96. Give an account of what followed 217 

97. What vessel did the Americans lose in the British Channel? . 217 

98. What took place between the Enterprise and the Boxer? 217, 218 

99. Give an account of Porter's operations and great battle 218 



madison's administration. 221 

eyents of 1814, and close of the war. 

Where were the troops under Wilkinson quartered during the winter of 
1813-14? 

During the winter of 1813-14, the troops under 
Wilkinson were encamped at French Mills, now 
Covington, in the northern part of the state of New 
York. 

What account can you give of their movements upon the breaking up 
of the encampment ? 

Wilkinson, after sending a detachment under Gen- 
eral Brown, to Saekett's Harbor, broke up his en- 
campment and removed to Plattsburg. 

How is Plattsburg situated ? (See map, page 64.) 

What movements did Wilkinson make after his removal to Plattsburg t 

He penetrated into Canada, but, being repulsed by 
the enemy posted at La Colle, on the Sorel river, he 
returned to Plattsburg. 

Wliat was the consequence to Wilkinson of his repulse at La Colle ? 

In consequence of his repulse, he was tried by a 
court-martial, and though acquitted by the court, was 
deprived of his command. 

By whom was he superseded f 

Wilkinson was superseded by General Izard. 

In the mean time, what movement was made by General Brown f 

Soon after Brown reached Sackett's Harbor, he left 
for the Niagara frontier, to aid in another invasion of 
Canada. 

What was the first achievement of his troops ? 

On the 3d of July, 1814, a large force under Gen- 
erals Scott and Ripley, crossed the Niagara river, and 
took Fort Erie without a struggle. 

What was the next movement of his troops ? 

The Americans advanced to Chippewa, where, on 
the 5th of July, 1814, a severe battle occurred, result- 
19* 



222 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



ing in the British being repulsed, with the loss of 
about five hundred men. 

Who ivere the respective commanders in the battle ? 

The Americans, in the battle of Chippewa, were 
commanded by General Brown ; the British, by Gen- 
eral Biall. 



Row was Fort Erie situa- 
ted? 

What city on the Niagara, 
nearly opposite to Fort 
Erie f 

In what direction vms Fort 
Erie from Chippewa? 

In what direction from 
Chippewa are the Bur- 
lington Heights ? 

How is Lundy's Lane sit- 
uated? 



Scal£ 




What movements were 
made by the two armies af- 
ter the battle of Chippewa t 

The British re- 
treated to Burling- 
ton Heights, where 
they were reinforced by General Drummond, who 
assumed the command ; the Americans advanced 
and encamped at Bridgewater, near Niagara Falls. 

What occurred several days after ? 

On the 25th of July, 1814, Drummond approached 
the American camp, and, at Lundy's Lane, the most 
obstinate battle of the war was fought. 

How was the battle commenced ? 

Scott led the advance, and, though the enemy out- 
numbered him, he sustained the unequal contest for 
an hour. 



223 

Who then came to his aid ? 

General Brown with the main portion of the army 
then arrived. 

What advantage did the British commence the battle with ? 

The British had a battery placed on a commanding 
height, which swept all parts of the field. 

What incident worthy of note, took place in relation to the battery f 

It was evident to the Americans that the battery 
on the height must be carried, or the field be lost. 
Colonel Miller being asked if he could take it, replied, 
" 1 can try, sir" 

Did he try ? and with what result ? 

At the head of his regiment, Miller steadily ad- 
vanced up the height, while, at every step, his ranks 
were thinned hj the enemy's fire ; but his troops 
pressed forward, and, in one determined charge, gained 
possession of the battery. 

What efforts were subsequently made by the British ? 

Three times the British rallied and advanced to 
regain their lost battery, but they were repulsed at 
every attempt. 

How did the contest finally end? 

At midnight, after a contest of six hours, the Brit- 
ish withdrew, leaving the Americans in quiet posses- 
sion of the field. 

What officers were wounded in the battle ? 

The two commanders, Brown and Drummond, and 
two American officers, Scott and Ripley, were among 
the wounded. 

What loss was sustained by each party ? 

Each party lost about eight hundred, in killed and 
wounded. 

Who took command of the American forces directly after the battle ? 

Brown and Scott being both wounded, the com- 
mand devolved upon General Ripley. 



224 

What was Riplerfs first movement upon taking charge? 

Ripley retired with the forces to Fort Erie. 

Was he left in quiet possession of the fort ? 

He was soon besieged by a force of five thousand 
men under General Drummond. 

Who arrived and took command of the fort ? 

General Gaines soon arrived, and being the senior 
officer took command of the fort. 

Did the British make any attempt besides the siege, to recover the fort? 

On the 15th of August, 1814, eleven days after the 
commencement of the siege, the British undertook to 
carry the fort by assault; but they were repulsed 
with the loss of almost a thousand men. 

Who afterward assumed the command of the fort ? 

Though Brown's wounds, received at Lundy's 
Lane, were yet unhealed, he repaired to the fort and 
assumed the command. 

What account can you give of a successful attack made by General 
Brown ? 

On the 17th of September, 1814, General Brown 
made a sortie (sor'-te) from the fort, which was com- 
pletely successful. In the space of an hour, the ad- 
vanced works of the besiegers, which had cost nearly 
fifty days' labor to erect, were destroyed ; and about 
seven hundred of their number fell or were taken 
prisoners. 

How was the siege brought to a close ? 

General Drummond, being informed that General 
Izard was approaching with reinforcements, retired 
to Fort George. 

What were the closing acts of the campaign under Brown t 

The Americans abandoned and destroyed Fort 
Erie, recrossed the Niagara, and went into winter- 
quarters. 



madison's administration. 225 

What force had Izard left at Plattsburg ? 

Izard, when he started from Plattsburg on his 
march for the relief of Brown, left General Macomb 
(ma-koom r ) in command, with only fifteen hundred 
men. 

What advantage did the British take of the somewhat defenceless con- 
dition of Plattsburg ? 

Sir George Prevost, at the head of fourteen thou- 
sand men, marched against Plattsburg; and the 
British fleet on lake Cbamplain, commanded by 
Commodore Downie, sailed to attack the American 
fleet, under Commodore MacDonough. 

How is lake Champlain situated? (See map, page 64.) 
What can you tell of the character of the troops commanded by Pre- 
vost ? 

A large number of Prevost's troops were veterans 
who had served under Wellington, in Europe. 

What positions did the two armies occupy at Plattsburg t 

Macomb withdrew his forces to the south side of 
the Saranac river, and prepared to dispute any at- 
tempt which the enemy might make to cross ; while 
Prevost took a position on the north side of the Sara- 
nac and erected batteries. 

How long were the two armies in the position on opposite sides of the 
Saranac 1 m 

For four days the armies were on opposite banks 
of the Saranac, and all attempts of the British to force 
a passage were successfully resisted. 

What then took place ? 

On the 11th of September, 1814, the battle of 
Plattsburg and of lake Champlain took place. 

How were the two battles commenced ? 

The British commenced the battle on the land, by 
opening a heavy cannonade upon the American 
works ; while, at about the same time, their fleet bore 



226 

down and engaged MacDonough's vessels, which 
were at anchor in the bay of Plattsburg. 

What was the result of the battle on the water ? 

After a contest of two hours and a quarter be- 
tween the two fleets, flag after flag of the British 
struck, and the victory to MacDonough was com- 
plete. 

How ivas the contest on the land carried on ? 

The contest on the land continued through the 
day. The British attempted to cross the Saranac at 
three different points, but without success. After 
MacDonough's victory, the fire from their batteries 
slackened, and at nightfall ceased entirely. 

What then did the British do ? 

As soon as it became dark, the British commenced 
a hasty retreat, leaving behind their sick and wound- 
ed, and a large quantity of military stores. 

What loss was sustained by Prevost ? 

Two hundred and fifty of Prevost's troops were 
killed or wounded in the battle ; his total loss, includ- 
ing deserters, was about twenty-five hundred. 

What ivas Macomb's loss ? 

The Americans lost one hundred and twenty-one. 

While these events were transpiring on the northern frontier, what was 
taking place on the Atlantic coast t 

During the greater part of 1814, the whole Atlan- 
tic seaboard was locked up by British cruisers, from 
which descents were often made on small towns. 

What force entered the Chesapeake? 

About the middle of August, 1814, a British squad- 
ron arrived in Chesapeake bay, bringing a large body 
of troops commanded by General Boss. 

With what force and where did Ross land? 

Boss, with a force of five thousand men, landed at 
Benedict, on the Pa-tux' -ent. 



227 

Into what body of water does the Patuxent flow ? (See map, page 24.) 
What was the first object of the invasion? 

Ross's first object was the destruction of an Amer- 
ican flotilla, commanded by Commodore Barney, 
which w T as then lying in the Patuxent. 

What did the American commodore do ? 

Upon the approach of the enemy, Barney aban- 
doned and burned his boats. 

Against what place did Ross then direct his march? 

Ross then directed his march against "Washington, 
the capital of the United States. 

What route did he take ? 

Instead of making a direct march, he proceeded 
by the way of Bla'-d ens-burg. 

How far is Bladensburg from Washington? 

Bladensburg is six miles north-east from Wash- 
ington. 

What took place at Bladensburg ? 

At Bladensburg some resistance was made by the 
militia, under General Winder ; but the only check 
received by the enemy, was from a body of seamen 
and marines, commanded by Barney. 

What befell Barney ? 

Barney was prostrated by a wound, and in that 
condition was made prisoner. 

What did Ross do after the battle of Bladensburg ? 

Boss proceeded to Washington, and, on the 24th of 
August, 1814, burned the capitol, president's house, 
and other buildings. 

What course did Ross then pursue? 

After effecting this wanton destruction at Wash- 
ington, Ross made a hasty retreat to the shipping, a 
division of which was still in the Patuxent. 

What in the meanwhile was done by another division of the fleet? 

A division of the fleet ascended the Potomac, and 



228 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



reached Alexandria; the inhabitants of which, to 
save the city from bombardment, surrendered their 
merchandise and shipping to the enemy. 

Hoiv is Alexandria situated? (See map, page 24.) 



What two points at the en- 
trance of the Patapsco 
rive?- ? 

Into what body of water 
does the Patapsco flow'* 

What fort is on the Pa- 
tapsco, just before reach- 
ing Baltimore ? 

On what river is Balti- 
more situated ? 

In what direction from 
Washington is Balti- 
more f (See map, page 
24.) 

In what direction from Bal- 
timore is Wilmington? 
(See map, page 24.) 



Scale 




BALTIMORE 

JLNU 

-vxctetltt 



If 



What grand project 
was next decided upon by 
the British ? 

The divisions of the British fleet uniting, it was 
determined to make an attack on Baltimore. 

How did the British commence operations against Baltimore? 

On the 12th of September, 1814, Boss landed his 
troops at North Point, fourteen miles from Baltimore, 
while a fleet of British vessels moved up the Patapsco 
to bombard Fort McHenry. 

How was Fort McHenry situated ? 

The fort commanded the channel at the distance of 
about two miles below the city. 

What further can you tell of Ross? 

On his march toward Baltimore, Boss was met 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 229 

by an advance corps (kor) of Americans, and, in a 
slight skirmish, was killed. 

Who succeeded him in the command ? 

Ross was succeeded by General Brooke, the next 
in command. 

What took place after the fall of Boss f 

Brooke gave the order to continue the advance ; 
but the progress of the British was at one point dis- 
puted for more than an hour, by a body of militia, 
commanded by General Strieker. 

Row was the battle for the day terminated ? 

The Americans fell back in good order, and took a 
position near the defences of the city. 

Did Brooke make any attack on Baltimore ? 

Brooke approached the defences, but the resolute 
front of the Americans deterred him from making 
any attack, until he could hear from the fleet. 

What can you tell of the operations of the fleet? 

The bombardment on Fort McIIenry continued 
from the morning of the 13th of September, 1814, till 
near the following morning ; but without making any 
serious impression. 

What ivas the termination of the "grand" expedition? 

Brooke, seeing no prospect of success against the 
city, embarked, his troops, and the whole force of the 
enemy withdrew. 

What cause of complaint was given to the Americans, in 1814, at Pen- 
sacola ? 

During the summer of 1814, the authorities of Pen- 
sacola, a Spanish port in Florida, allowed the British 
to take possession of their forts, and fit out an expedi- 
tion against Fort Bowyer (Jjo'-yer.) 

How was Fort Bowyer situated? 

Fort Bowyer, now Fort Morgan, was at the entrance 
to Mobile {rno-beel') Bay. 
20 



230 

What fort in Florida, east of Fort Morgan? (See map, page 213.) 
What account can you give of the expedition against Fort Bowyer ? 

The British attacked Fort Bowyer, but being re- 
pulsed with considerable loss, effected their escape to 
Pensacola. 

How is Pensacola situated? (See map, page 213.) 

What measures were taken by the Americans against Pensacola ? 

General Jackson marched against Pensacola, storm- 
ed the town, and compelled the British to leave. 

To what place did Jackson then repair ? 

After returning to his head-quarters at Mobile, 
Jackson hastened to New Orleans. 

In what direction is Mobile from New Orleans? (See map, page 213.) 
On what river is New Orleans situated? (See map, page 213.) 
Why ivas Jackson's presence needed at New Orleans ? 

While at Mobile, Jackson learned that the British 
were about to invade Louisiana and make an attack 
on New Orleans. 

When and in what direction did the invading force approach ? 

In December, 1814, a British squadron entered lake 
Borgne (born), the shortest avenue of approach from 
the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans. 

Wliat can you tell of the number and character of the troops brought 
by the squadron ? 

The squadron carried a land force' of over twelve 
thousand men, many of whom were veterans who had 
served under Wellington. 

By whom ivere tJiey commanded ? 

They were commanded by Sir Edward Packen- 
ham, one of the most distinguished of English mili- 
tary leaders. 

What took place on lake Borgne ? 

On the 14th of December, 1814, Lieutenant Jones, 
commanding a flotilla of American gunboats, was 



madison's administration. 231 

attacked by the enemy, and, after a sanguinary en- 
gagement, was compelled to surrender. 

When and where did the British and Americans next meet ? 

On the night of the 23d of December, 1814, Jack- 
son attacked an advance portion of the British troops 
that had reached the Mississippi, about nine miles 
from New Orleans. 

What was the result of the attack ? 

After a spirited contest, Jackson, finding that he 
could not drive the British from their position, with- 
drew his men. 

Where did Jackson then make a stand? 

Jackson fell back to his line of intrenchments, four 
miles from New Orleans. 

How did the British at first attempt to drive the Americans from their 
intrenchments ? 

The British, on two occasions, cannonaded the Amer- 
ican intrenchments, but without much effect. 

What then did Packenham finally resolve upon ? 

Packenham at last determined to make a general 
assault. 

When did he make the assault f 

It was made on the 8th of January, 1815 ; and then 
occurred the battle of New Orleans. 

Give some account of the battle. 

The British advanced in the face of a destructive 
fire from the American batteries ; when within reach 
of the muskets and rifles from behind the intrench- 
ments, volley after volley was poured upon them 
with such terrible effect, that they were thrown into 
confusion. Packenham was killed, and his troops 
fled in dismay. 

Sow many men did the British lose ? 

The loss of the British, in killed and wounded, was 
nearly two thousand men. 



232 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 

Wliat was the loss of the Americans ? 

The loss of the Americans was only seven killed 
and six wounded. 

What welcome news reached the United States, about a month after the 
battle of New Orleans t 

In February of 1815, an English sloop-of-war ar- 
rived from Europe, bearing a treaty of peace, which 
had been agreed upon by British and American com- 
missiouers. 

When and where had the commissioners made the treaty f 

The treaty was made on the 24th of December, 1814, 
at Ghent, a city of Belgium. 

Did the treaty provide for the settlement of all matters in dispute be- 
tween the two nations f 

The two great points of dispute — the encroachments upon American 
commerce and the impressment of American seamen — which were the 
main causes of the war, were left untouched by the treaty. 

Were the omissions important f 
The omissions were not important. 

Why not? 

By the termination of the European war, all encroachments upon 
American commerce ceased; and, by the great success of the American 
navy and privateers, the impressment question was effectually disposed 
of. 

Had the war been popular in the United States t 

Many persons in the United States, belonging to the Federal party, 
were opposed to the war from its commencement, and continued their 
opposition till its very close. 

In which section of the Union were the Federalists strong in number^ 
and influence 1 

New England, during " The War of 1812," was the strong-hold of 
Federalism. 

In what concerted manner did the Federalists manifest their anti-war 

2 



In December, 1814, toward the close of the war, a convention was 
held at Hartford, Connecticut, for the purpose of considering the griev- 
ances of the people, caused by the war; and for devising means of re- 
dress. 



madison's administration. 233 

How was the convention regarded by its opponents ? 
The friends of Madison and the war regarded " The Hartford Con- 
vention 1 ' as a treasonable movement against the general government. 

What ivas done by the convention f 

The principal act of the convention was the adoption of a document, 
which presented a statement of grievances and recommended several 
amendments to the Constitution. 

How long was the convention in session f 

After three weeks of secret session, the convention adjourned. 



PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND ¥AE WITH 
ENGLAND. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


FORCES ENGAGED. 


American. 


British. 


Ain'rc'ii 


British. 


1S12. 












Aug. 5, 


Brownstown, ... 


Van Home 


Tecumseh,*.. 


200 


600 


Aug.9,-j 


Maguaga, or 2d of 
Brownstown, . . 


1 Miller,* 


Tecumseh, . . 


600 


900 


Oct. 13, 

1813. 

Jan. 22, 


Qneenstown, .... 


Van Rensselaer, 


Brock,* 


1,2 


2,500 


Frenchtown,.. . .. 


Winchester,... . 


Proctor,* 


800 


1,500 


April 27, 
May 5, 


York, 


Pike,* 

Clay 


Sheaffe, 

Proctor,* 


1.700 
1.200 


1.500 
2,000 


Fort Meigs 


May 29, 


SacketL's Harbor,. 


Brown,* 


Prevost, .... 


1,000 


1,000 


Aug. 2, 


Fort Stephenson, 


Croghan,* 


Proctor, 


no 


1,300 


Oct. 5, 

Nov. 11, 




Harrison,* 

Boyd, 


Proctor, 


3.5U0 
1,200 


2,000 
2,000 


Chrysler's Field, 


1S14. 

March 30, 








La Colle Mill, . . 


Wilkinson, 


Hancock,* . . 


4,000 


2,000 


July 5, 


Chippewa, 


Brown,* 


Riail, 


1,900 


2,100 


July 25, 


Lundv's Lane, 


Brown* 


Drummond,. 


3,500 


5,000 


Aug. 15, 


Fort Erie (assault) Gaines,* 


Drummond,. 


2,500 


5,000 


Aug. 24, 


Bhidensburg, .... 


Winder, 


Ross,* 


3.500 


5,000 


Sept. 11, 


Plattsburg, 


Macomb,* 


Prevost, . 


3.000 


14.000 


Sept. 12, 


North Point, 


Strieker, 


Brooke,* 


2,000 


5,000 


Sept. 13, 


Fort McIIenry, .. 


Armistead,*... . 


Cochrane, . . . 


1,000 


16 ships. 


Sept. 15, 


Fort Bowyer, . . . . 


Lawrence,* . .. 


Nicholls, 


120 


mixed. 


Sept. 17, 


Fort Erie (sortie), 


Biown,* 


Drummond,.. 


2,5 


3,500 


Dee. 23, 


9 in iles from N. 0. 


Jackson 


Kean,* 


2,000 


2,500 


1815. 
Jan. 8, 












New Orleans, 


Jackson,* 


Packenham, 


6,0 


12,000 



20' 



234 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH 
ENGLAND. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



WHERE FOUGHT. 



COMMANDERS. 



1812. 
Aug. 13, 

Aug. 19, 

Oct. 18, 

Oct. 25, 

Dec. 29, 

1813. 

Feb. 24, 

June 1, 

Aug. 14, 

Sept. 5, 

Sept. 10, 

1814. 

March 28. 

April 29, 

June 28, 

Sept 1, 

Sept. 11, 

Dec. 14, 

1815. 

Jan. 15, 

Feb. 20, 

March 23, 



Off Newfoundland, < 

Off Massachusetts, -j 

Off North Carolina, \ 

Near Canary Islands, ... -I 
Off San Salvador, -j 

Off Demerara, -j 

Massachusetts Bay, -j 

British Channel, \ 

Off coast of Maine, \ 

Lake Erie, \ 



Harbor of Valparaiso, . . ■< 

Off coast of Florida, -J 

Near British Channel, 1 

Near Africa, < 

Lake Champlain, -j 

Lake Borgne, -J 

Off New Jersey, -j 

Off Island of Madeira,. . 4 
Off Brazil \ 



Am. Frig. Essex, 

Br. Sloop Alert, 

Am. Frig Constitution,... 

Br. Frig. Gnerriere, 

Am. Sloop Wasp, 

Br. Brig Frolic, 

Am. Frig. United States, . 

Br. Frig. Macedonian 

Am. Frig. Constitution,... 
Br. Frigate Java, 

Am. Sloop Hornet, 

Br. Bris Peacock, 

Am. Frig. Chesapeake, 

Br. Frig. Shannon, 

Am. Brig Argus, 

Br. Briir Pelican, 

Am. Brig Enterprise, 

Br. Brig Boxer, 

Am. 9 ves. 54 guns, 

Br. 6 ves 63 guns, 

Am. Fric. Essex, 

Br. Brig Phoebe, 

Br. Sloop Cherub. 

Am. Sloop Peacock, 

Br. Brig Epervier, 

Am Sloop Wasp, 

Br Sloop Reindeer, 

Am. Sloop Wasp, 

Br. Sloop Avon, 

Am. 14 vessels. S6 guns. .. 
Br. 17 vessels, 95 guns, . . . 

Am 5 gunboats, 

Br. 40 barges, 

Am. Frig:. President 

Br. (Squadron), 

Am. Frig. Constitution, .. 

Br. Ship Cyane, 

Br. Ship Levant, 

Am. Sloop Hornet, 

Br. Brig 1'enguin, 



Porter.* 

Laiu;harne. 

Hull* 

Dacres. 

Jones.* 

Whinyates. 

Decatur.* 

Carden. 

Bainbridge.* 

Lambert. 



Lawrence.* 

Peake. 

Lawrence. 

Broke.* 

Allen. 

Maples.* 

Burrows.* 

Blyth. 

Perry.* 

Barclay. 



Porter. 

Hillyar.* 

Tucker. 

Warr ngton. ; 

Wales. 

Blakely.* 

Manners. 

Blakely.* 

Arbuthnot. 

McDonough.* 

Downie. 

Jones. 

Lockyer.* 



Peeatur. 

Hayes.* 

Stewart* 

Falcon. 

Douglass. 

Biddle* 

Dickenson. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 235 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAG« 

1. What encampment was made at French Mills in 1813-14?. . . 221 

2. What detachment did Wilkinson send off? 221 

3. To what place did Wilkinson himself remove? 221 

4. Give an account of the battle of La Colle Mill 221, 233 

5. Why was Wilkinson tried by a court-martial? 221 

6. What was the result of the trial ? 221 

7. To what position did General Izard succeed? 221 

8. What did the Americans achieve on the 3d of July, 1814 ?. .. 221 

9. When was the battle of Chippewa fought ?, 221 

10. Give an account of the battle of Chippewa 221, 222 

11. Who were the commanders at the battle of Chippewa ? 222 

12. How is Chippewa situated? (See map, page 222.) 

13. To what place did the British retreat after the battle ? 222 

14. By whom were they reinforced at Burlington Heights? 222 

15. When was the battle of Lundy's Lane fought? 222 

16. Give an account of the battle of Lundy's Lane 222, 223 

17. What three American officers were wounded in the battle?. . 223 

18. What British officer was wounded in the battle ? 223 

19. How did Ripley get the temporary command of the Americans ? 223 

20. To what place did General Ripley retire with his forces? .... 224 

21. What, soon after, took place at Fort Erie ? 224 

22. When did the first battle of Fort Erie take place ? 224 

23. Who was in command of the Americans at the time? 224 

24. Give an account of the assault, or first battle of Fort Erie. . . . 224 

25. When did the second battle of Fort Erie take place?, 224 

26. What is the second battle of Fort Erie generally called? 224 

27. Who was in command of the Americans at the time ? 224 

28. Give an account of the sortie, or second battle of Fort Erie. . . 224 

29. Why did Drummond abandon the siege of Fort Erie ? 224 

30. By whom was the destruction of Fort Erie effected ? 224 

31. How was Fort Erie situated ? (See map, page 222.) 

32. At what place had Izard left Macomb in command ? 225 

33. What force of the enemy marched against Plattsburg?. 225 

34. Who commanded the American fleet on lake Champlain? 225 

35. What movement was made against the American fleet ? 225 

36. What preparations were made for the battle of Plattsburg?. . 225 

37. When did the battles of Plattsburg and Champlain occur? . . . 225 



236 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

38. Give an account of the battle of Plattsburg 225, 226 

39. Give an account of the battle of lake Champlain 225, 226 

40. What did Provost do directly after his defeat? 226 

41. What arrival of the enemy occurred in August of 1814 ? 226 

42. At what place did Ross effect a landing? 226 

43. How is Benedict situated? (See map, page 24.) 

44. What American force was at the time in the Patuxent? 221 

45. Upon the approach of Ross, what was done by Barney ? 221 

46. What city did General Ross then march against? 221 

41. What battle was fought on his march against Washington?. . 221 

48. When did the battle of Bladensburg occur? 233 

49. Give an account of the battle of Bladensburg 221 

50. What destruction did Ross effect at Washington ? 221 

51. When did Ross effect the destruction at Washington ? 221 

52. What can you state of Ross's retreat from Washington? .... 221 

53. In what way was Alexandria threatened? 221, 228 

54. How was Alexandria saved from bombardment? 228 

55. How is Alexandria situated? (See map, page 24.) 

56. What movement was next made by the British forces ? 228 

51. At what place, near Baltimore, did Ross land his troops? 228 

58. What movement was made against Fort McHenry ? 228 

59. What befell Ross, the British commander? 228, 229 

60. To what position did General Brooke succeed? 229 

61. When did the battle of North Point take place? 233 

62. Give an account of the battle of North Point 229 

63. Give an account of the battle of Fort McHenry 228, 229 

64. After the two battles, what was done by the British forces? . 229 

65. At what Spanish port did the British fit out an expedition?.. 229 

66. Against what place was the expedition designed ? 229 

61. What is Fort Bowyer now called ? 221 

68. How is Fort Morgan situated ? (See map, page 213.) 

69. Give an account of the battle of Fort Bowyer 230 

10. Give an account of Jackson's expedition against Pensacola.. . 230 

11. What did Jackson hear, respecting a British invasion? 230 

12. What route did the British take for New Orleans? 230 

13. What command did Sir Edward Packenham have? 230 

14. Give an account of the battle of lake Borgne 234, 230, 231 

15. Give an account of the battle nine miles from New Orleans. . 231 

16. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans 231 

^11. When was a treaty of peace made between the two countries? 232 



madison's administration. 237 

war with algiers. 

What war was commenced soon afler the war of 1812 ? 

The war with England had hardly closed when the 
United States determined to make war upon Algiers. 

What was the cause of the war ? 

During u The War of 1812," the Algerines, believ- 
ing that the United States were unable to protect 
their interests in the Mediterranean, committed anew 
their depredations on American commerce. 

What expedition was sent against the Algerines? 

In May of 1815, Commodore Decatur was sent 
with a squadron to punish the Algerines. 

What was the first success achieved by Decatur ? 

Decatur encountered the largest vessel in the Alge- 
rine navy, and captured her after a running tight of 
twenty-tive minutes. 

What ivas his next success f 

Two da}^s after his first success, Decatnr captured 
another frigate belonging to the Algerine navy. 

How did he humble the dey of Algiers? 

He appeared before Algiers and compelled the dey 
(da) to liberate the American prisoners in his hands, 
and to relinquish all future claims to tribute from the 
United States. 

What was Decatur's next movement ? 

Decatur next proceeded to Tunis and Trip'-o-li. 

What was the result of the movement ? 

From both powers he exacted pay for American 
vessels which the English had been allowed to take 
in their harbors. 

Wliat state was admitted into the Union toward the close of Madison's 
administration ? 

Indiana was admitted into the Union in 1816. 

Who succeeded Madison as president of the United States ? 

Madison was succeeded by James Monroe, of Vir- 
ginia. 



SECTION" Tin. 

From the beginning of Monroe 's Administration, in 1817, to 
the close of Tyler's, in 1845. 

MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 

When was Monroe inaugurated % 

Monroe was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
1817. 

What was the length of his administration f 

Monroe was president for two terms, or eight years, 

extending from the 4th of March, 1817, to the 4th of 

March, 1825. 

What addition was made to the Union in the early part of his admin- 
istration ? 

In 1817, the Mississippi Territory was divided, and 
its western portion was admitted into the Union as 
the state of Mississippi. 

What trouoles did the United States have, in 1817, with the Indians at 
the South ? 

Toward the close of 1817, the Seminole Indians, 
joined by some Creeks, commenced depredations on 
the frontier settlements of Georgia and Alabama. 

Who were sent against the Indians ? 

General Gaines was sent against them, but his 
force being insufficient, General Jackson was ordered 
into service. 

What did Jackson accomplish ? 

Jackson soon overran the Indian country ; and, 
being convinced that the Seminoles had been insti- 
gated to hostilities by persons in Florida, he seized 
the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola. 



Monroe's administration. 239 

Wliat severe measures were pursued toward two British subjects ? 

Two British subjects, Arbuthiiot and Ambrister, 
having fallen into the hands of Jackson, were tried 
by a court-martial on a charge of having incited the 
Indians to hostilities, found guilty, and executed. 

Bow was Jackson's conduct in the prosecution of the war regarded ? 

Jackson's invasion of Florida, a territory belonging 
to a nation at peace with the United States, and his 
summary proceedings in the prosecution of the war, 
were condemned by many persons, but were approved 
by the president and Congress. 

Bow and when did Florida become a part of United States territory ? 

A treaty was made, in 1819, by which Florida was 
ceded to the United States; but it was not till to- 
ward the close of 1820 that the king of Spain ratified 
the treaty. 

What state was admitted into the Union in the year after Florida was 
secured ? 

Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818. 

What state was admitted next after Illinois ? 

Alabama was admitted into the Union in 1819. 

Bow soon was the next state admitted ? 

Maine was admitted into the Union in 1820. 

Was any other state admitted during Monroe's administration ? 

Missouri, the fifth and last state added to the 
Union during Monroe's administration, was admitted 
into the Union in 1821. 

Wlien Missouri applied for admission, ivhat exciting proceedings took 
place in Congress t 

The admission of Missouri was preceded by violent debates in Con- 
gress and throughout the country, on the question whether slavery 
should exist in the new state. 

Bow was tlie question settled f 

A bill, known as The Missouri Compromise t was introduced in Con- 
gress by Mr. Clay, and passed. 



240 JOHN Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION". 

What vjas the effect produced by the passage of the bill? 
An agitation that threatened the stability of the Union, thereupon 
gradually subsided. 

What distinguished person visited the United States, toioard the close oj 
Monroe's term of office? 

In the summer of 1824, General Lafayette arrived, on a visit to the 
United States. 

How ivas he received ? 

He was received as the nation's guest; and his tour, which was 
extended through all of the twenty-four states, was everywhere sig- 
nalized by tokens of respect from a grateful people. 



JOHN" QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION". 

Who succeeded Monroe in the presidency ? 

Monroe was succeeded by John Quincy Adams, 
eldest son of John Adams, the second president. 

How long was John Quincy Adams president 1 

He was president for only one term, or four years, 
extending from the 4th of March, 1825, to the 4th of 
March, 1829. 

What can you say of his administration ? 

His administration was one of wisdom and peace ; 
and under it the nation made rapid increase in popu- 
ation and wealth. 

While he was president, what coincidence occurred in the death of two 
distinguished persons ? 

On the fiftieth anniversary of American Indepen- 
dence, July the 4th, 1826, occurred the deaths of tho 
two venerable ex-presidents, John Adams and Thomas 
Jefferson. 

W7io succeeded Adams in the presidency ? 

John Quincy Adams was succeeded by Andrew 
Jackson. 



jackson's administration. 241 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
When did Jackson become president? 

Jackson was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 

1829. 

How long was he president ? 

Jackson was president for two terms, or eight 
years, extending from the 4th of March, 1829, to the 
4th of March, 1837. 

What practice, in relation to removals and appointments, was begun by 
Jackson ? 

The practice of removing office-holders and appointing the political 
friends of the president, was begun by Jackson. 

What veto of Jackson produced great concern throughout the country ? 
The bill for the rechartering of the United States Bank was passed 
by both houses of Congress, but was vetoed by President Jackson. 

What ivas the consequence to the bank ? 

At the expiration of its charter, 1836, the bank ceased to be a na- 
tional institution. 

What troubles at the north-west occurred during Jackson 's first term? 
In 1832, the north-west frontier suffered from Indian hostilities, 
which are known in history as The Black Hawk War. 

What was the result of the war ? 

After several skirmishes, most of the Indians were driven west of 
the Mississippi. 

What was done with the chief of the Indians? 

Black Hawk, under whom the Indians had prosecuted hostilities, 
was taken prisoner ; and after some months' detention, during which 
he was conducted through Washington and other cities, he was allowed 
to rejoin his people. 

Why ivas he so conducted? 

The object of the tour was to convince him that resistance against 
the power of the whites was useless. 

What troubles at the South grew out of the tariff question? 

A tariff bill, passed by Congress during the administration of John 
Quirrcy Adams, gave great dissatisfaction to the cotton-growing states; 
and when, in 1832, an act was passed, imposing additional duties on 
foreign goods, the dissatisfaction was greatly increased. 

21 



242 jackson's administration. 

In which state was the dissatisfaction greatest? 
In South Carolina so great was the dissatisfaction that a state con- 
vention was held. 

What bold proceedings were taken by the convention ? 

The convention declared the tariff acts to be unconstitutional, and 
therefore null and void. It also declared that duties should not be 
paid, and proclaimed that any attempts on the part of the general gov- 
ernment to enforce the collection of duties, would produce the with- 
drawal of South Carolina from the Union. 

By what name were those who sided with the convention called ? 

Those who sided with the convention were known as Nullifiers. 

By whom were they led ? 

They were led by Calhoun and Hayne. 

How were they treated by the president ? 

President Jackson issued a proclamation against the Nullifiers, and 
the doctrine of Nullification. 

What effect did his proclamation have? 

The proclamation met with a cordial response from every friend of 
the Union. 

How was the difficulty in a measure settled ? 

"A Compromise Bill," offered by Mr. Clay and passed by Congress, 
averted evils which, at one time, threatened the very existence of the 
Union. 

THE SEMINOLE WAR. 
What war commenced in 1835 ? 

The Seminole War commenced in 1835. 

What was the cause of the war ? 

It originated in an attempt to remove the Indians 
to lands west of the Mississippi, according to the 
terms of a treaty which some of the chiefs had made, 
but which a majority of the tribe did not consider 
binding. 

Wlio was the chief Seminole leader ? 

Osceola {ps-e-o'-la\ a man of great cunning and 
courage, was the most noted of the Seminole chiefs. 

What treatment did Osceola at first receive from the ivhites? 

In consequence of his offensive conduct in opposi- 



JACKSON^S ADMINISTRATION - . 243 

tion to the fulfilment of the treaty, the government 
agent, General Thompson, put him in irons. 

How did lie regain his liberty ? 

By feigning penitence and making promises, Osce- 
ola obtained his liberty. 
How did he afterward behave ? 

Instead of performing his promises, he placed him- 
self at the head of a war-party, and commenced the 
work of slaughter and devastation. 

How did- he avenge himself upon General Thompson ? 

On the 2 8 tli of December, 1835, he approached a 
house in which Thompson and some friends were 
dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed and 
scalped six of the number, including Thompson. 

What signal disaster occurred on the same day ? 

On the very day of Thompson's death, "Dade's Mas- 
sacre" occurred. 

Give an account of it. 

Major Dade, with a detachment of more than a 
hundred men, while marching to join General Clinch, 
who was stationed at a fort in the interior of Florida, 
was attacked by the Indians, and all but four killed. 

What became of the four? 

The four men afterward died of their wounds. 

When and under whom were the three succeeding battles fought with 
the Indians ? 

Two days after "Dade's Massacre" General Clinch 
had an engagement with the Indians ; and, in 1836, 
two important battles were fought, in the first of 
which, the Americans were commanded by General 
Gaines ; in the second, by Governor Call, of Florida. 

Wliat was the result ? 

Although the enemy encountered by Governor 
Call, dispersed after the action, yet in none of the 
battles could the Americans claim a decided victory. 



244 van buren's administration. 

What treatment did Osceola receive at Jessup's camp ? 

Toward the latter part of 1837, Osceola appeared 
in the American camp with a nag of truce. General 
Jessnp, suspecting a repetition of treachery, and de- 
siring to prevent further bloodshed, disregarded the 
flag, seized the chief, and put him in confinement. 

Wliat became of Osceola f 

Osceola was sent to Fort Moultrie, where he died. 

What important battle took place after the seizure of Osceola ? 

In December, 1837, Colonel Taylor (afterward 
General Taylor, and president of the United States) 
defeated the Indians in the battle of O-kee-cho'-bee. 

Through whose administration after Jackson's ivas the war carried on ? 

The Seminole War continued all through the ad- 
ministration of Martin Yan Buren. 

When was it brought to a close ? 

It was not till 1842, seven years after the war com- 
menced, that peace with the Seminoles was finally 
secured. 



VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
Wlien did Van Buren become president? 

Yan Buren was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
1837. 

What was the length of his administration? 

He was president for only one term, or four years, 
extending from the 4th of March, 1837, to the 4th of 
March, 1841. 

WJiat wide-spread embarassment occurred at the beginning of his term? 

Soon after Van Buren's inauguration, a revolution in monetary affairs 
took place, producing great distress in all branches of business through- 
out the country. 



HARRISON S ADMINISTRATION. 245 

Whnt movement, commenced in Canada, disturbed for a while the 
peaceful relations between Great Britain and the United States? 

During Van Buren's term of office, a portion of the Canadians rose 
against the British rule to which they were subjected, with the design 
of gaining their independence. 

How did the people of the United States become involved '? 
The movement enlisted the sympathies of Americans, particularly of 
New Yorkers, and engaged their co-operation. 

Jlow was the movement put down? 

A proclamation, issued by President Van Buren, forbidding interfer- 
ence in the affairs of Canada, together with the active measures taken 
by the British authorities, had the effect intended, and the insurrection 
was suppressed. 

By whom, was Van Buren succeeded in the presidency ? 

Yan Buren's successor in office was William Henry 
Harrison, of Ohio. 



HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
When was Harrison inaugurated? 

Harrison's inauguration took place on the 4th of 
March, 1841. 

How long was he president ? 

Harrison was president only one month, his death 
occurring on the 4th of April succeeding his inaugu- 
ration. 

By whom was he succeeded in office ? 

On the death of Harrison, the vice-president, John 
Tyler, of Yirginia, became president. 
21* 



246 



TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. 



Wliat difficulties occurred in Rhode Island, during Tyler's term of office? 

Serious difficulties occurred in Rhode Island, growing out of a move- 
ment which was stigmatized by its opponents as the Dorr Rebellion. 

What was the cause of the movement f 

The movement had for its object the substitution of a liberal consti- 
tution in place of the old charter granted by Charles II., under which 
Rhode Island had long been governed. 

What befell the most prominent man in the movement ? 

Mr. Dorr, the principal actor in the movement, was arrested, tried, 
convicted of high treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life. 

How were the troubles brought to a close ? 

A new constitution, formed in accordance with provisions of the 
legislature, was finally adopted. 

Was the sentence against Dorr carried out ? ' 

After the troubles were ended, Dorr was pardoned, and, at a later 
period, the record of his sentence was legally expunged. 

ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 

Wliat subject created great excitement all ovtr the country during the 
last year of Tyler's administration ? 

A proposition for the admission of Texas into the 
Union, caused excited discussion through the whole 
country, during the closing months of Tyler's ad- 
ministration. 

What can you tell of the previous history of Texas'? 

Texas at one time was a province of Mexico ; hut 
in consequence of the arbitrary policy pursued to- 
ward the inhabitants, the most of whom were from 
the United States, they declared their independence, 
and by force of arms sustained the declaration. 

In what way did Congress prepare an opening for the admission of 
Texas ? 

A bill for the admission of Texas, under certain 

conditions, was passed by Congress, three days before 

the expiration of Tyler's term of office. 

By whom ivas Tyler succeeded in office ? 

Tyler's successor in the presidency was James K. 
Polk, of Tennessee. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 247 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAQB 

1. What war succeeded the second with England? 23*7 

2. Why did the Algerines commit their depredations? 237 

3. What expedition was sent against the Algerines in 1815 ?. . . . 237 

4. When had a previous expedition been sent? 194 

5. What had the United States paid to the Barbary States ? 194 

6. Why had the United States paid tribute ? Ans. To secure 

their commerce from molestation in the Mediterranean. 

7. What was *he result of the expedition sent in 1805 ?. . . . 194, 195 

8. What two successes did Decatur achieve in 1815? 237 

9. What did Decatur accomplish against Algiers ? 237 

10. What did he accomplish against Tunis and Tripoli? 237 

11. When was Indiana admitted into the Union? 237 

12. Who was Madison's successor in the presidency? 237 

13. Which of the presidents was inaugurated in 1817 ? 238 

14. For how many terms was Monroe president ? 238 

15. When did Monroe begin and end his administration? 238 

16. When was Mississippi admitted into the Union ? 238 

17. What Indian troubles commenced toward the close of 1817?. 238 

18. On what expedition was General Gaines sent ? 238 

19. Why was General Jackson sent against the Indians? 238 

20. What did Jackson accomplish against the Indians ? 238 

21. What Spanish fort did General Jackson seize ? 238 

22. Why did Jackson seize the forts at St Marks and Pensacola ?. 238 

23. Why were Arbuthnot and Ambrister seized and executed? . . 239 

24. What measures of General Jackson were much condemned?.. 239 

25. By whom were Jackson's measures approved ? 239 

26. When was the Florida territory ceded to the United States?.. 239 

27. When did Florida become a state? (See table, page 279.) 

28. When was Illinois admitted into the Union ? 239 

29. When was Alabama admitted into the Union ? 239 

30. When was Maine admitted into the Union? 239 

31. When was Missouri admitted into the Union ? 239 

32. Which states were admitted during Monroe's administration?. 239 

33. Which of the presidents was inaugurated in 1825 ? 240 

34. Who was Adams's predecessor in the presidency? 240 

35. When did the second Adams begin and end his presidency?. . 240 

36. Which two ex-presidents died on the same day? 240 



248 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

37. On what day did Adams and Jefferson die ? 240 

38. Which of the presidents was inaugurated in 1829 ? 241 

39. Give an account of General Jackson 230, 231, 238, 239, 241 

40. When did Jackson's presidential term begin and end? 241 

41. When did the Seminole War commence ? 242 

42. How did the Seminole War originate ? 242 

43. Who was Osceola, and what was his character? 242, 243 

44. By whom and why was Osceola put in irons? 242, 243 

45. By what means did Osceola regain his liberty? 243 

46. Where did he make his appearance, near the close of 1837 ?. . 244 

47. What was the ostensible object of his visit to Jessup's camp?. 244 

48. What treatment did Osceola receive from Jessup? 244 

49. Why did Jessup place him in confinement? 244 

50. What can you state of Osceola's subsequent history? 244 

51. How is Fort Moultrie situated? (See map, page 129.) 

52. What course did he take after regaining his liberty? 243 

53. Give an account of " Thompson's Massacre." 243 

54. Give an account of "Dade's Massacre." 243 

55. Give an account of three battles of the Seminole War 243 

56. What account can you give of the battle of Okechobee? 244 

57. Where was the battle fought? Ans. On the northern side of 

lake Okechobee, in the southern part of Florida. 

58. Who commanded the Americans in the battle of Okechobee ? . 244 

59. In what war did Taylor afterward distinguish himself? 262 

60. To what civil position did Taylor afterward succeed? 262 

61. What further account can you give of the Seminole War? . . . 244 

62. Who was Jackson's successor in the presidency? 244 

63. When was Martin Van Buren inaugurated ? 244 

64. When did Van Buren's administration begin and end? 244 

65. Which of the presidents was inaugurated in March, 1841 ?. . . 245 

66. Did Harrison serve his full term, and why not ? ... 245 

67. How long did Harrison occupy the presidential chair ? 245 

68. To what position did John Tyler succeed? 245 

69. What proposition was made in relation to Texas? 246 

70. What can you say of the discussion that followed ? 246 

71. Of what country was Texas at one time a province? 246 

72. Why did Texas declare herself independent of Mexico? 246 

73. When did Congress pass a bill for the admission of Texas?. .. 246 

74. Did the bill admit Texas unconditionally ? 246 

75. To what position did James K. Polk succeed ? 246 



SECTION IX. 
From the 4th of March, 1845, to the 4th of March, 1849. 
POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 
Wlien was Polk inaugurated f 

Polk's inauguration took place on the 4th of March, 
1845. 

Hoio long was he president t 

He was president for only one term, or four years, 
extending from the 4th of March, 1845, to the 4th of 
March, 1849. 

What important measure icas consummated during the early part of 
his administration ? 

On the 4th of July, 1845, the legislature of Texas 
approved the bill for admission which Congress had 
passed ; and, by the act of approval, Texas became 
annexed to the United States. 

WAR WITH MEXICO. 
What was the consequence of the annexation ? 

The annexation of Texas led to a war with Mexico ; 
for, notwithstanding that the independence of Texas 
had been acknowledged by the United States, Eng- 
land, France, and other governments, Mexico still 
claimed Texas as a part of her own territory. 

What forces were sent for the protection of Texas ? 

By order of the president of the United States, a 
squadron was sent into the Gulf of Mexico, while a 
force under General Taylor proceeded by land, and 
took a position at Corpus Christi {kor'-poos hre'-ste). 

Did Corpus Christi belong to Texas or Mexico ? 

Corpus Christi is on the south side of the Nueces 
{noo-d'-ses) river, between it and the Kio Grande (re'-o- 



250 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



grahn' '-da), and all the region between the two rivers 
was disputed territory. 



In what state is Corpus 
Christi? 

In what direction is Corpus 
Christi from the mouth 
of the Rio Grande? 

Wliat large town on the 
south side of the Rio 
Grande, near its mouth ? 

What fort opposite Mata- 
moras? 

In what direction from 
Matamoras is Point Is- 
abel? 

What two battles were 
fought between Point Is- 
abel and Matamoras ? 

In what direction from 
Matamoras is Monterey? 

Saltillo ? Buena Vista ? 

In what direction is Bue- 
na Vista from Corpus 
Christi? 




TATI OIL'S 
CAMPAI GN 

Scale 



What order to advance did Taylor receive from the president ? 

Early in 1846, after being several months at Corpus 
Christi, Taylor was ordered to advance to the Rio 
Grande, across the disputed territory, for the better 
protection of Texas against invasion. 

What is said of the order so given to Taylor ? 

The order given to Taylor hastened the opening 
of the war ; for his advance to the Rio Grande was 
treated by the Mexicans as the actual commencement 
of hostilities. 

Where did Taylor establish a depot ? 

On his march to the Rio Grande, Taylor established 
a depot {de-jpo') at Point Isabel, situated about twenty- 
one miles north-east of Matamoras {mat-a-rno' -ras), 
near the Gulf of Mexico. 



251 

What did Taylor do on reaching the Rio Grande ? 

On reaching the Rio Grande, he took a position 
opposite Matamoras, and erected a fortress, winch 
was afterward named Fort Brown, in honor of its 
brave defender. 

Give an account of the first conflict of the war ? 

Captain Thornton, w T ith a party of sixty-three dra- 
goons, was sent up the Rio Grande to reconnoitre. 
On the 26th of April, 1846, his force was attacked 
by the Mexicans, and, after a loss of sixteen men, was 
forced to surrender. 

What fears did Taylor entertain respecting Point Isabel ? 

A large Mexican force had crossed the Rio Grande 
for the purpose, as Taylor thought, of moving against 
Point Isabel. 

What did Taylor do under the circumstances ? 

Leaving a small force for the defence of Fort Brown, 
Taylor marched to the relief of the Point. 

What took place on his return ? 

On his return from Point Isabel to Fort Brown, his 
progress was disputed at Palo Alto (pah'-lo al'-to) 
and Resaca de la Pal ma {rd-sah'-kah da lah jpaV- 
mah) ; but, in both engagements, the Mexicans were 
defeated with severe loss. 

When did the first of the tattles take place ? 

The battle of Palo Alto was fought on the 8th of 
May, 1846. 

What forces were engaged? 

The Mexicans, commanded by General Arista 
{ah-rees f -tah), numbered full six thousand ; while the 
American force consisted of but twenty-three hun- 
dred. 

What losses were sustained? 

The loss of the Mexicans was about six hundred ; 
that of the Americans was only nine killed, and forty- 



252 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 

four wounded ; but among the mortally wounded was 
the brave Major Ringgold. 

When was the next battle fought ? 

On the day after the battle of Palo Alto, the 9th 
of May, 1846, the battle of Resaca de la Palma was 
fought. 

What task in the battle was intrusted to Captain May ? 

The Mexican guns, well aimed and rapidly dis- 
charged, were holding the Americans in check, when 
Captain May was ordered to silence them. 

How was the task performed ? 

At the head of his dragoons, May rushed forward 
with great fury, killed or dispersed the gunners, and 
captured General La Yega (lah va'-gah). 

What had occurred at Fort Brown during Taylor's absence ? 

During the most of Taylor's absence from Fort 
Brown, a period of eight days, it had been subjected 
to a bombardment from the Mexican batteries in 
Matamoras. 

WJiat was the result of the bombardment ? 

The garrison made a successful defence, though 
their heroic commander, Major Brown, was mortally 
wounded by the bursting of a shell. 

What was Taylor's next movement? 

On the 18th of May, 1846, Taylor crossed the Rio 
Grande, and took possession of Matamoras. 

Bid he remain at Matamoras for any length of time ? 

It was not till the end of more than three mouths, 
that he found himself strong enough to advance from 
Matamoras. 

Against what place did he then advance? 

His next movement was directed against Monterey 
{mon-td-ra% an inland city of Mexico. 

In what condition was Monterey for defence ? 

Monterey was strong in its natural defences, and 



POLKS ADMINISTRATION. 253 

besides, was well garrisoned by ten thousand Mexican 
troops, under General Ampudia (am-jpoo' -de-ah). 

How did Taylor succeed against Monterey f 

After a series of assaults, continued through three 
days, in which Generals Worth and Quitman ren- 
dered brilliant service, Monterey capitulated on the 
24th of September, 1840, and Taylor agreed to an 
armistice of eight weeks. 

Was the armistice observed? 

Before the eight weeks had expired, Taylor received 
orders from Washington, directing him to renew of- 
fensive operations. 

After receiving the orders, wJiaiwas accomplished by divisions of his 
army ? 

One division of his army, under General Worth, 
took Saltillo (sahl-teeV-yo), while, at a little later 
period, another division, under General Patterson, 
took Victoria. 

What success attended the Americans in the Gulf of Mexico? 

Commodore Conner, commanding an American 
squadron in the Gulf of Mexico, captured Tainpico 
{tam-pe'-co). 

What expedition was undertaken by General Wool ? 

General Wool, with an army of about three thou- 
sand men, set out from San Antonio de Bexar (pan 
an-to'-neo da la-har'\ a town in Texas, with the de- 
sign of penetrating the province of Chihuahua (che- 
whah' -whah). 

What was the result of his expedition ? 

After crossing the Eio Grande and learning that 
Monterey was in the possession of the Americans, by 
Taylor's advice, Wool abandoned the design against 
Chihuahua, and joined General Worth at Saltillo. 

Wliat did General Kearney accomplish ? 

In an expedition which set out from Leavenworth, 
22 



254 

on the Missouri river, General Kearney {Icar'-ne) 
gained possession of Santa Fe {san'-tah fa), and the 
whole of New Mexico, without opposition. 

Where did Kearney go after his achievements in New Mexico ? 

Kearney, after having organized a new govern- 
ment for the country which he had taken, crossed to 
the Pacific coast, leaving almost his entire force at 
Santa Fe. 

What remarkable achievement did Doniphan accomplish ? 

With less than a thousand men, being the main 
body of Kearney's invading army, which had been 
left at Santa Fe, Colonel Doniphan accomplished a 
march of more than a thousand miles through the 
Mexican territory, to Saltillo. 

What occurred during his wonderful march ? 

On his march to Saltillo, Doniphan fought two 
battles ; and, although on both occasions the Amer- 
icans were much inferior to the enemy in numerical 
force, yet they were the victors. 

When were the two battles fought ? 

The battle of Bracito (brali-the' -to) was fought on 
the 25th of December, 1846 ; and the battle of Sacra- 
mento (sah-cmh-mane 1 '-to) was fought on the 28th of 
February, 1847. • 

In the mean time what important events took place on the Pacific coast ? 

In 1846, the conquest of California was achieved 
by Colonel Fremont, and Commodores Sloat and 
Stockton; and subsequently, in the early part of 
1847, by Kearney's aid, the establishment of Amer- 
ican power in California was completed. 

What mission had taken Fremont to California t 

Before the breaking out of the war, Fremont was 
sent by the government of the United States to make 
explorations in New Mexico and California. 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 255 

What opposition did he meet with 1 

In California, lie was opposed by a Mexican force, 
under General Castro. 

What zoos the result? 

The Mexicans were defeated in several severe skir- 
mishes; and, on the 5th of July, 1846, California 
was declared to be independent, and free from all 
Mexican rule. 

What did Sloatdo toward the conquest of California ? 

Commodore Sloat, commanding the American 
squadron in the Pacific, bombarded and captured 
Monterey. 

How is the Monterey, captured by Commodore Sloat, situated? 

Monterey, of California, is situated on Monterey 
bay, near the Pacific ocean. 

Wliatdid Stockton do toward the conquest of California? 

Commodore Stockton arrived at California in the 
middle of July, 1846 ; and assuming the command 
of the Pacific squadron, he co-operated with Fremont 
in driving Castro and his forces from the country. 

What plan of operations was arranged for General Scott ? 

A plan of invasion was arranged for General Scott, 
by which the Americans w T ere to capture Vera Cruz, 
the most important Mexican city on the Gulf of 
Mexico, and then march through Mexico against the 
capital itself. 

Hoio did the plan affect General Taylor ? 

The plan not only deprived Taylor of a large por- 
tion of his best officers and troops, but it gave to 
Scott the chief command of the American forces in 
Mexico, he being the senior officer. 

What was Taylor's last battle in Mexico ? 

Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle 
of Buena Yista (bwa'-nah vees'-tah,) fought on the 23d 



256 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 

of February, 1847, about five months after the battle 
of Monterey. 

IIoiv ivas the battle commenced? 

Taylor's troops, numbering less than five thousand 
men, were attacked in the early part of the day by a 
Mexican force about four times as large, under the 
command of General Santa Anna. 

What further account can you give of the battle? 

The battle continued until sunset; and, although 
the Mexicans fought with resolution, and more than 
once seemed on the eve of victory, they were at last 
driven in disorder from the field. 

What losses were sustained on both sides ? 

The loss of the Americans was about seven hun- 
dred ; that of the Mexicans was almost two thousand. 

Of w hat advantage did the victory prove to the Americans? 

By the victory of Buena Yista, the Americans 
were left in possession of all the northern provinces 
of Mexico. 

SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 
How did General Scott commence his Mexican campaign ? 

Scott's campaign in Mexico w r as commenced by 
an attack on Yera Cruz. 

How ivas Vera Cruz prepared for defence ? 

Yera Cruz was defended by the strong fortress of 
San Juan d'Ulloa (san whahn da ool'-lo-ah), built 
upon an island at a short distance from the city. 

What was Scott s first movement against Vera Cruz? 

On the 9th of March, 1847, Scott landed near Yera 
Cruz, with an army of about twelve thousand men. 

When and how was the attack commenced ? 

After a delay of several days, for the purpose of 
completing preparations, and inducing, if possible, 
the Mexican commander to surrender, the Americana 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION". 



257 



opened a tremendous fire from their land batteries, 
as well as from their fleet, under Commodore Con- 



ner. 



Wliat was the result ? 

So destructive to life and property was the fire of 
the assailants, that, on the 27th of March, 1847, the 
city and fortress surrendered. 



°SanJi 




Scale 



t +. s >o£rbchalco 
^■a s 



On what body of water is 

Vera Cruz situated? 
What town further north, 

is also on the Gulf of 

Mexico ? 
What fort defends Vera 

Cruz? 
In what direction from 

Vera Cruz is the moun- 
tain pass of Cerro Gor- 
do? 
What city is at a short 

distance north-west from 

Cerro Gordo? 
What town is west of Ja- 

lapa ? 
In ivhat direction from 

Perote is Puebla ? 
During Scotfs march, 

what fortified positions 

were between San Au- 

gustin and the city of 

Mexico? 

To what object did Scott direct his march after taking Vera Cruz ? 

Scott soon after commenced his march to the city 
of Mexico, taking the road by the way of Jalapa (hal- 
lah'-paK). 

At what place and from whom did his advance meet with resistance f 

At Cerro Gordo {thar'-ro gor'-do\ a mountain pass 
about fifty miles from Vera Cruz, Santa Anna was 
strongly fortified, prepared to resist the advance of 
the Americans. 
22* 




SCOTT'S 
CAMPAIGN 



258 



What force did Santa Anna have with him ? 

The Mexican force consisted of about twelve thou- 
sand men. 

Of how many did the American army consist ? 

Scott's army consisted of only about eight thousand 
men, a large force having been left to garrison Vera 
Cruz. 

Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo. 

On the morning of the 18th of April, 1847, a dar- 
ing assault was made upon the works of the enemy; 
and, before noon, the whole were in the possession 
of the Americans. 

What loss did the Mexicans sustain ? 

Besides losing the most of their artillery and muni- 
tions of war, the Mexicans had one thousand of their 
number killed or wounded, and three thousand made 
prisoners. 

What three places next in succession fell into the hands of the Ameri- 
cans? 

On the next day after the battle of Cerro Gordo, 
the Americans entered Jalapa ; further on in their 
march, they took without opposition, the strong 
castle of Perote (fpa-ro'-ta) ; and, on the 15th of May, 
1847, they entered the ancient and populous city of 
Puebla (poo-a'-blah). 

What ivas the condition of the American army at Puebla ? 

The American army had been so reduced by sick- 
ness, death, and other causes, that Scott deemed it 
advisable to rest at Puebla for reinforcements. 

How long did the army rest at Puebla ? 

The halt at Puebla continued for nearly three 
months. 

What can you say of the advance from Puebla ? 

Scott's march from Puebla to Ayotla {ah-yot'-lah), 
fifteen miles from the capital, was through a beau- 
tiful region, and without the least resistance. 



polk's ADMINISTRATION. 259 

What did he do after arriving at Ayotla f 

Finding that the direct route by the national road 
was strongly fortified, and being anxious to spare the 
lives of his men, Scott turned southward from Ayotla, 
and passing around lake Chalco, encamped at San 
Augustin (san aw-gus-ten'\ about ten miles from the 
city of Mexico. 

Wliat difficulties were in the way of Scotfs advance from San Augus- 
tin ? 

The approaches to the city of Mexico from San 
Augustin, were guarded by batteries at Contreras 
(con-trcV-ras) and San An-to'-ni-o, and by the strong 
forts of Churubusco {choo-roo-boos'-co) and Chapultepec 
(cah-pool '-td pek). 

Give an account of the attack on the Contreras. 

In a night inarch, the Americans advanced upon 
Contreras. At sunrise, on tiie 20th of August, 1847, 
they commenced the attack, and, in less than twenty 
minutes the Mexican batteries were carried, and the 
victory was complete. 

What was the immediate consequence of the Mexican defeat at Contre- 
ras f 

The garrison of San Antonio being somewhat un- 
supported by the loss of Contreras, made but a slight 
resistance, and then retreated before the pursuing 
Americans commanded by General Worth. 

Which of the other places was attacked on that day? 

On the same day, the 20th of August, 1847, the 
post of Churubusco was also attacked. 

What was the result t 

The Mexicans, under Santa Anna, though number- 
ing at least twenty -five thousand, were driven from 
Churubusco and from every part of the battle-field. 

Whither did they retreat ? 

Some retreated to Chapultepec, the fortress nearest 



260 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 

to the Mexican capital, and others fled to the city 
itself. 

What caused a pause in the prosecution of hostilities ? 

On the day after the battles of Contreras and Churu- 
busco, and while Scott was at an advanced position 
within three miles of the city, Santa Anna asked for 
an armistice for the purpose of negotiating a peace. 

Did Scott accede to the request ? 

The armistice was granted, and for several days 
efforts were made to bring about a peace. 

What can you say of Santa Anna's conduct at that lime f 

Santa Anna not only refused to agree to the terms 
proposed by the Americans, but he actually violated 
the armistice by strengthening his defences. 

What did Scott then do? 

Scott, losing all confidence in the integrity of his 
foe, declared the armistice at an end, and ordered 
General Worth to storm the Molino del Key (mo-le'-no 
del ra), an outer defence of Chapultepec. 

When did Worth execute the order ? 

The attack was made on the 8th of September, 
1847. 

What icas the resrdt f 

After a hard-fought battle, in which "Worth lost 
nearly a fourth of his men, the Mexicans were driven 
from their position. 

What obstacle ivas next to be overcome? 

Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle situ- 
ated on a lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the 
Americans could reach the capital. 

How did the Americans proceed against it ? 

Several batteries were erected to bear upon it ; and, 
on the 12th of September, 1817, a heavy fire was 
commenced upon the doomed fortress. 



261 

Wliat occurred next day ? 

On the following day, September the 13th, 1847, 
the battle of Chapnltepec was fought. The Amer- 
icans carried the castle and all its outworks by storm, 
though at the expense of many lives. 

How did the Americans follow up the victory? 

General Quitman pursued the flying Mexicans to 
the very gates of the city, while General Worth ad- 
vanced by a circuitous route. 

Where did two divisions of the army rest on the night folloioing the 
battle of Chapullepec f 

At night, Quitman's division rested within the 
gates of tiie city, and Worth's, in the suburbs. 

What did Santa Anna do during the night? 

During the night, Santa Anna, with the most of 
his army and the principal officers of government, fled 
from the city. 

When did Scott take possession of the city? 

On the morning of the lith of September, 1S47, 
the American army penetrated to the centre of the 
Mexican capital, and there took formal possession. 

Did Santa Anna make any further attempts in continuance of the war? 

Taking advantage of the weakness of the garrison 
which Scott had left at Puebla, the Mexicans laid 
siege to the place. After Santa Anna's flight from 
the capital, he joined the besiegers with his fugitive 
troops. 

Wliat was the result of the siege ? 

General Lane, at the head of a recruit force for 
Scott's army, hastening to the relief of the garrison, 
met and defeated Santa Anna at Huamantla {hu-ah- 
mant'-lah). 

What became of Santa Anna ? 

In less than a month after his defeat by Lane, Santa 
Anna, deserted by his troops, fled from the country. 



262 



polk's administration. 



When and where was a treaty of peace signed? 

On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace 
was signed at Guadalonpe Hidalgo (gwah-dah-loo 1 '-pa 
he-dahl' -go), a small town about four miles from the 
city of Mexico. 

What territory did the treaty secure to the United States ? 

By the treaty, Mexico relinquished to the United 
States all the territory north of the Rio Grande, to- 
gether with the whole of New Mexico and California. 

What did the United States agree to do in return ? 

On the part of the United States, it was agreed 
that $15,000,000 should be paid for the territory, and 
that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, to 
the amount of $3,500,000, should be assumed. 

When ivas peace proclaimed? 

After the treaty had been ratified by both govern- 
ments, peace was proclaimed by President Polk, on 
the 4th of July, 1848. 

Who succeeded Polk in the presidency ? 

Polk was succeeded by General Taylor, the hero 
who had gained such brilliant victories in the Mexican 
War. 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 
(The Americans were successful in every battle.) 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


FORCES ENGAGED. 


American, i Mexican. 


Arn'ric'i) Mexic'n 


1846. 

May 8, 
Mav 0, 
Sept. 24, 
Dec. 25, 

1847. 
Feb. 23, 
Feb. 28, 
March 27, 
April 18, 

Aug. 20, -j 

Sept. 8, 
Sept. 13, 
Oct. 9, 


Palo Alto 

Resaca de la Palrna, 
Monterey, 


Taylor, .... Arista, 

Taylor, Arista, 

Taylor, j Anipudia, 

Doniphan,, j Ponce de Leon, 


2 300 
2,200 

6,600 
500 


6,000 
5.000 
10,000 
1,200 




Buena Vista, 

Sacramento, 

Vera < Jruz, 

Cerro Gordo, 

Contreras, 

Churubusco 

Molinodel Rey,.... 

( hap ul tepee, 

lluamantla, 


Taylor, ; Santa Anna, . . 

Don phan, . . j Trias, 

Scott, Morales, 

scott, Santa Anna,. . . 

Scotr, Valencia 

Scott 1 Sana Anna,. . . 

Worth, Santa Anna,. . 

Scott, I Santa Anna,. .. 

Lane,. j Santa Anna,. . 


4,700 
900 
12,000 
8,5110 
4,000 
S,000 
3.:-. 00 
7,200 
500 


17,000 

4,000 

6.000 

12,000 

7,000 

25,000 

14,000 

25,000 

1,000 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 263 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Which of the presidents was inaugurated in 1849 ? 249 

2. When did Polk begin and end his administration? 249 

3. When was Texas admitted into the Union ? 249 

4. What was the cause of the war with Mexico ? 249 

5. Give an account of Texas up to the time of her admission. 246, 249 

6. What claim did Mexico set up as regards Texas ? 249 

7. What protective measures were taken by President Polk ?. . . 249 

8. Why did Polk send a squadron and army ? Ans. Texas, fear- 

ing an invasion from Mexico, had called upon the president 
of the United States for aid. 

9. At what place did Taylor take his first position ? 249 

10. How long did Taylor remain at Corpus Christi? 250 

1 1. To what place did Taylor then advance ? 250, 251 

12. Why did Taylor advance from Corpus Christi to Matamoras? . 250 

13. How did Taylor's advance affect the Mexicans ? 250 

14. What was done by Taylor, at Point Isabel ? 250 

15. Give an account of the capture of Captain Thornton's party . . 251 

16. State the circumstances leading to the battle of Palo Alto. . . . 251 

17. When did the battle of Palo Alto occur? 151 

18. Give an account of the battle of Palo Alto 251, 252 

1 9. What fate attended Major Ringgold ? 252 

20. When did the battle of Resaca de la Palma occur ? 252 

21. Give an account of the battle of Resaca de la Palma. . . . 251, 252 

22. Where and by whom was Fort Brown erected ? 251 

23. Where was the fort, and why was it called Fort Brown? 251 

24. Give an account of the defence made by Major Brown 252 

25. When did Taylor enter the Mexican territory 252 

26. How long and why did he remain at Matamoras ? 252 

27. What was done by Taylor, that led to the battle of Monterey ?. 252 

28. What Mexican officer was in command at Monterey?. . . 252, 253 

29. Give an account of the battle of Monterey 253 

30. When did Monterey capitulate to Taylor ? 253 

31. What agreement was made by Taylor and Ampudia ? 253 

32. What orders did Taylor receive relating to the armistice?.. . . 253 

33. What can you say of the capture of Saltillo and Victoria ? . . . 253 

34. What can you state of the capture of Tampico? 253 

35. What expedition set out from San Antonio de Bexar? 253 



264 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

36. What further can you state respecting the expedition? 253 

37. Who commanded the expedition from Leavenworth ? . . . 253, 254 

38. What can you say of Kearney's success in New Mexico? .... 254 

39. Where did Kearney go after leaving Santa Fe? 254 

40. What wonderful march was accomplished ? 254 

41. Give an account of the two battles during the march 254 

42. When and by whom was the conquest of California achieved? 254 

43. Give an account of Fremont's part in the conquest 254, 255 

44. When was the battle of Buena Vista fought ? 255, 256 

45. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista ? 256 

46. What campaign began with an attack on Vera Cruz? 256 

41. What was designed to be accomplished by Scott's campaign?. 255 

48. Give an account of the taking of Vera Cruz ? 256, 257 

49. What was Scott's second battle in Mexico? 258 

50. How was Cerro Gordo prepared for defence ? 257 

51. When was the battle of Cerro Gordo fought ? 258 

52. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo 258 

53. Name the three places that Scott next took possession of . . . . 258 

54. Why and how long did Scott make a halt at Puebla ? 258 

55. How far did Scott continue on in his direct march?. . . . 258, 259 

56. Why did he turn southward from Ayotla? 259 

57. Give the names and date of two battles fought the same day. 259 

58. Give an account of the battle of Contreras 259 

59. Give an account of the battle of Churubusco 259 

60. What is said of the armistice after the two battles 260 

61. When was the battle of Molino del Rey fought? 260 

62. Give an account of the battle of Molino del Key 260 

63. When did the battle of Chapultepec occur? 261 

64. How was the castle of Chapultepec prepared for defence?. . . 260 

65. Give an account of the battle of Chapultepec . . . . : 261 

66. How did Santa Anna act after the battle of Chapultepec ? 261 

67. When did Scott enter the city of Mexico? 261 

68. What city, in the hands of the Americans, was besieged?. . . . 261 

69. What part did Santa Anna take in the siege of Puebla ? 261 

70. What final defeat did Santa Anna suffer ? 261 

71. What took place at the town of Guadaloupe Hidalgo? 262. 

72. What were the important terms of the treaty? 262 

73. On what anniversary was peace proclaimed by Polk? 262 

74. Name, in order, the four principal battles of 1846 262 

75. Name, in order, the nine principal battles of 1847 *. 262 



SECTION X. 

From the beginning of Taylor's Administration^ in 1849, to 
the present time. 

TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. 

When ivas Taylor inaugurated ? 

Taylor's inauguration took place on the 5th of 
March, 1819, the 4th being Sunday. 

What great discovery made in California, produced wide-spread excite- 
ment ? 

The discovery of gold in California, in 1848, produced momentous 
changes in her condition ; for. when the news reached the United 
States, thousands at once set out for the land of gold. 

What was the consequence of the emigration, in respect to the 2>olitical 
condition of California ? 

California made such rapid increase in population, that, as early as 
1849, a constitution was adopted, preparatory to petitioning Congress 
for admission into the Union as a state. 

Wliat important feature marked the Constitution of California? 
By an article of the constitution, slavery was excluded from Cali- 
fornia. 

What did the article at once give rise to ? 

The article excluding slavery became a cause for a violent dispute 
not only in Congress, but throughout the Union ; a dispute which con- 
tinued through several months. 

During the dispute, what bereavement did the nation suffer f 
While Congress was in session, engaged in angry debate. General 
Taylor, the president of the United States, died. 

How long was General Taylor president f 

Taylor was president only one year, four months, 
and four days. 

By whom toas he succeeded in office ? 

By the death of Taylor, the vice-president of the 
United States, Millard Fillmore, became president. 
23 



266 pierce's administration, 

fillmore's administration. 

What important measure vjas adopted by Congress soon after Fillmvrc 
became president ? 

In the early part of Fillmore's administration, 
"The Compromise Act of 1850" was adopted, by 
which California was admitted into the Union, and 
became the thirty-first state. 

How long was Fillmore president? 

Fillmore was president during the unexpired part 
of the term for which General Taylor was elected, 
a period of nearly two years and eight months. 

Wlio succeeded him in the presidency ? 

Fillmore's successor in office was Franklin Pierce, 
of New Hampshire. 



PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Wlien was Fierce inaugurated ? 

Pierce's inauguration took place on the 4th ot 
March, 1853. 

How long was he president t 

Pierce was president for only one term, or four 
years, extending from the 4th of March, 1853, to the 
4th of March, 1857. 

What exciting question arose during his administration ? 

A bill, introduced into Congress for the organization of a vast tract 
of the western regions into the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, 
brought up the slavery question, and produced a great deal of ill feel- 
ing between the slave-holding and non-slaveholding sections of the 
Union. 

Who succeeded Pierce in the presidency ? 

Pierce was succeeded by James Buchanan, of Penn- 
sylvania. 



267 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
When was Buchanan inaugurated ? 

Buchanan's inauguration took place on the 4th of 
March, 1857. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1. Which of the presidents was inaugurated in 1849 ? 263 

2. Did Taylor serve his full term, and why not ? 262 

3. To what position did Millard Fillmore succeed ? 263 

4. In what state did Fillmore reside ? Ans. New York. 

5. What state was admitted during Fillmore's administration ?. . 264 

6. When did Fillmore vacate the office of president? 264 

7. Which of the presidents was inaugurated in 1853 ? 264 

8. When did Pierce begin and end his administration? 264 

9. Which of the presidents was inaugurated in 1857 ? 265 



268 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS RELAT- 
ING TO THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1492. America discovered by Columbus. 

1497. Labrador discovered by the Cabots. 

1498. Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot. 
The continent at South America discovered by Columbus. 

1499. South America visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 
1512 Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon. 
1513. The Pacific ocean discovered by Balboa. 

1520. Carolina visited by De Ayllon. 

1521. Mexico conquered by Cortez. 

1524. Coast of North America explored by Verrazani. 

1528. Narvaez undertook to conquer Florida. 

1534. St. Lawrence river discovered by Carrier. 

1539. De Soto undertook to conquer Florida. 

1541. The Mississippi river discovered by De Soto. 

1562. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance. 

1564. Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida. 

1565. St. Augustine founded by the Spaniards. 

Huguenot colony in Florida destroyed by the Spaniards. 

1583. Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland. 

1584. Amidas and Barlow explored the coast of Carolina. 

1585. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
1587. Second attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
1602. Cape Cod discovered by Gosnold. 

1605. Port Royal settled by the French. 

1600. London and Plymouth Companies received charters. 

1607. A settlement commenced on the Kennebec. 
Jamestown settled by the London Company. 

1608. Quebec settled by the French. 

1609. Virginia received its second charter. 
Hudson river discovered by Henry Hudson. 

1610. "The Starving Time ; ' in Virginia. 

1612. Virginia received its third charter. 

1613. Pocahontas married to Rolfe. 

French settlements destroyed by Argall. 

1614. New England coast explored by Smith. 
New York settled by the Dutch. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 209 

1616. The culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 

1619. The first representative assembly in America met at Jamestown. 

1620. Commencement of Negro slavery in the English colonies. 
Massachusetts settled at Plymouth. 

1621. Treaty with Massasoit made. 

1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia. 

1623. New Hampshire settled at Little Harbor and Dover. 

1633. Connecticut settled at "Windsor. 

1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's. 

1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence. 
Harvard College founded. 

1637. The Pequod War. 

1638. Delaware settled near Wilmington. 

1641. New Hampshire settlements united to Massachusetts. 

1643. Union of New England colonies formed. 

1644. Second Indian massacre in Virginia. 

1645. Clayborne's Rebellion in Maryland. 

1650. North Carolina settled on the Chowan river. 

1651. The "Navigation Act" passed. 

1652. The Maine settlements united to Massachusetts. 
1655. Civil war in Maryland. 

New Sweden conquered by the Dutch. 

1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon and others. 

1664. New York became an English province. 
New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 

1670. South Carolina settled on the Ashley river. 
1673. Virginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington. 

1675. King Philip's War commenced. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 

1680. Charleston founded. 

New Hampshire made a royal province. 

1681. Pennsylvania settled. 

1682. Delaware granted to William Penn. 

1686. Andros appointed governor of New England. 

1689. King William's War commenced. 

1690. Schenectady burned by French and Indians. ' 
Port Royal taken by the English, under Phipps. 

1692. "Salem "Witchcraft" delusion prevailed. 
1697. King "William's War terminated by the "Treaty of Ryswick." 
1702. Queen Anne's War commenced. 
23* 



270 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1710. Port Royal captured by the English. 

1713. Queen Anne's War terminated by the " Treaty of Utrecht.'' 

1729. North and South Carolina became separate provinces. 

1732. Washington born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, Feb. 22. 

1733. Georgia settled at Savannah. 
1741. "The Negro Plot " in New York. 

1744. King George's War commenced in America. 

1745. Louisburg captured by the English. 

1748. King George's War terminated by the " Treaty of Aix la Chapelle." 

1753. Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddie. 

1754. Washington delivered St. Pierre's reply to Dinwiddie. 

The battle of the Great Meadows, May 28. 

The battle of Fort Necessity, July 4. 

Congress of Commissioners met at Albany. 

1755. Convention of colonial governors in Virginia. 

French expelled from Nova Scotia by Monckton, . . . June. 
Braddock's defeat at the battle of Monongahela, .... July 9. 

The British defeated by Dieskau, Sept. 8. 

Dieskau defeated by the British, Sept. 8. 

1756. Great Britain declared war against France, ...... May 17. 

France declared war against Great Britain, June 9. 

The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego, . . . Aug. 14. 
Indians defeated at Kittaning Sept. 8. 

1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm, Aug. 9. 

The massacre at Fort William Henry, Aug. 10 

1758. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish near Ticonderoga,.. . July 6. 
Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, . July 8. 

Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe, July 26. 

Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English, Aug. 27. 

Grant defeated by Aubry near Fort Duquesne, Sept. 14. 

1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the 

French. 

Battle of Montmorenci, July 9. 

Niagara surrendered to the English, under Johnson, . July 25. 

Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. 

Quebec surrendered to the English, Sept. 18. 

1760. The French, under De Levi, attempted the recovery 

of Quebec, April 28. 

Montreal and rest of Canada surrendered to the Eng- 
lish Sep. 8. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 271 

1763. The peace of Paris between Great Britain and France, Feb. 10. 
Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain. 

1765. The Stamp Act passed by Parliament, March. 

A colonial congress met at New York, . . Oct. 

1766. The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, March. 

1767. A bill imposing duties on glass, paper, etc., passed,.. June. 

1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston, Sept. 27. 

1770. " The Boston Massacre," March 5. 

All duties, except on tea, repealed by Parliament, . . April. 

1773. The cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard, Dec. 16. 

1774. " Bostoa Port Bill " passed by Parliament, March. 

" The first Continental Congress " met at Philadelphia, Sept. 5. 

1775. The battle of Lexington, April 19. 

Ticonderoga captured by Allen and Arnold, May 10. 

Crown Point captured by Colonel Warner, May 12. 

Washington elected commander-in-chief, June 15. 

The battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 

Washington took command of the army, July 12, 

Montreal surrendered to Montgomery,' Nov. 13. 

Battle of Quebec, Dec. 31. 

1776. Norfolk destroyed by Lord Dunmore, Jan. 1. 

Boston evacuated by the British troops, March 17- 

The battle of Fort Moultrie, June 28. 

The Declaration of Independence, July 4. 

The battle of Long Island, Aug. 27. 

The city of New York abandoned by the Americans, Sept. 15. 

The battle of White Plains, Oct. 28. 

The battle of Fort Washington, Nov. 16. 

Fort Lee taken by the British, Nov. 18. 

General Lee surprised and taken prisoner, Dec. 13. 

The battle of Trenton, Dec. 26. 

1777. The battle of Princeton, Jan. 3. 

Tryon's expedition agaiust Connecticut, April. 

The battle of Ridgefield, April 27. 

Meigs' expedition against the British at Sagg Harbor, May 23 

Invasion of New York by Burgoyne, June. 

Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans, July 5. 

The battle of Hubbardton, July 7. 

General Prescott captured by Colonel Barton, July 10. 

Murder of Miss Jane McCrea, July 27. 



2<2 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1777. Fort Schuyler besieged by St. Leger, Aug. 

The battle of Oriskany, Aug. 6. 

The battle of Fort Schuyler, Aug. 6. 

The battle of Bennington. Aug. 16. 

The battle of Brandy wine, Sept. 11. 

The first battle of Stillwater, Sept. 19, 

The battle of Paoli, Sept. 20. 

Philadelphia entered by the British, Sept. 26. 

The battle of Germantown, Oct. 4. 

Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the British, Oct. 6. 

The second battle of Stillwater, Oct. 7. 

The surrender of Burgoyne, Oct. 17. 

The British repulsed at Fort Mercer. 0»t. 22. 

The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, Oct. 23. 

Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, Nov. 15. 

Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans, Nov. 16. 

Washington encamped at Valley Forge, Dec. 11. 

1778. American Independence acknowledged by France. 
Treaty of alliance with France. 

British Commissioners sent to America. 

Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June 18. 

The battle of Monmouth, June 28. 

The battle of Wyoming, and massacre ... July 3. 

The French fleet under D'Estaing arrived, July 8. 

The battle of Rhode Tsland, Aug. 29. 

Grey's ravaging expedition to the eastward, Sept. 

Ferguson's expedition against Egg Harbor, Oct. 

The massacre at Cherry Valley, Nov. 11, 12. 

The battle of Savannah, Dec. 29. 

1779. Sunbury captured by the British, Jan. 9. 

The battle of Kettle Creek, Feb. 14. 

The battle of Brier Creek, March 3. 

Tryon's first expedition against Connecticut, March. 

Stony Point captured b}^ the British, May 31. 

Verplanck's Point captured by the British, June 1. 

War declared against Great Britain by Spain, June 16. 

The battle of Stono Ferry, June 20. 

Tryon's second expedition against Connecticut, July. 

The battle of Stony Point, July 15. 

British garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee, . . . July 19. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 273 

1779. The battle of the Penobscot, Aug. 13. 

The battle of Paulus Hook, Aug. 19. 

"The battle of the Chemung," Aug. 29. 

Savannah besieged by the French and Americans, . . Sept., Oct. 

Jones's naval battle off the coast of Scotland, Sept. 23. 

D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, Oct. 9. 

1780. Charleston besieged by the British, April and May. 

The battle of Monk's Corner, April 14. 

Charleston surrendered to the British, May 12. 

The battle of Waxhaw, May 29. 

The battle of Springfield, June 23. 

French fleet arrived at Newport, July 10. 

The battle of Rocky Mount, July 30. 

The battle of Hanging Rock, Aug. 6. 

The battle of Sanders Creek, Aug. 16. 

The battle of Fishing Creek, Aug. 18. 

Arnold's treason. 

Andre executed as a spy, Oct. 2. 

The battle of King's Mountain, Oct. 7. 

The battle of Fisndam Ford, Nov. 12. 

The battle of Blackstocks, Nov. 20. 

1 781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, Jan. 1. 

The battle of the Covvpens, Jan. 17. 

The revolt of New Jersey troops, Jan. 18. 

Arnold's depredations in Virginia, Jan. 

Retreat of Morgan and Greene, pursued by Coruwallis. 
Articles of Confederation ratified by the states. 

The battle of Guilford Court House, March 15 

The battle of Hobkirk's Hill, April 25. 

Siege of Ninety Six by the Americans, under Greene, May, June. 

The battle of Ninety Six, June 18. 

Colonel Hayne executed by the British at Charleston, July 31. 

Arnold's expedition against Connecticut, Sept. 

The battle of Fort Griswold, Sept. 6. 

The battle of Eutaw Springs. Sept. 8. 

The siege of Yorktown, Oct. 

The surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19. 

1 782. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, Nov. 30. 

1783. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the American 

army, April 19. 



274 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1783. Savannah evacuated by the British, July 11. 

Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3. 

American army disbanded by orders of Congress, . . . Nov. 3. 

New York evacuated by the British, Nov. 25. 

Charleston evacuated by the British, Dec. 14. 

Washington resigned his commission, Dec. 23. 

1787. Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts. 

Constitution of the United States agreed on by the 

convention of delegates at Philadelphia, Sept. 17. 

1189. The first Congress under the Constitution met at New- 
York, March 4. 

Washington inaugurated president of the United 

States, April 30. 

1790. Harmar defeated by the Indians in Indiana. Oct. 17, 22. 

1791. United States Bamt established at Philadelphia. 
Vermont admitted into the Union. 

St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, Nov. 4. 

1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union. 

1793. Washington commenced a second presidential term, . March 4. 
The difficulties with France. 

1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee, Aug. 20. 

"Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania. 

1795. "Jay's Treaty " with Great Britain ratified, June 24. 

Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain and Algiers. 

1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union. 

1797. John Adams inaugurated president of the United 

States, March 4. 

1799. The death of Washington, Dec. 14. 

1800. Seat of government removed to Washington. 

Treaty of Peace concluded with France, Sept. 30. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President, March 4. 

War declared against the United States by Tripoli, . . June 10. 

1802. Ohio admitted into the Union. 

1803. Louisiana purchased of France. 
Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli. 

1804. The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur, Feb. 3. 

The duel between Hamilton and Burr, July 11. 

1805. Jefferson commenced a second presidential term, .... March 4. 

Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Eaton, April 27. 

Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli, June 3. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 275 

1806. British blockade from the Elbe to Brest declared, . . . May 16. 
Bonaparte issued his " Berlin Decree," Nov. 21. 

1807. British "Orders in Council" prohibited coast trade 

with France, Jau. 7. 

American frigate Chesapeake attacked by the Leop- 
ard, June 22. 

British armed vessels ordered to leave the United 
States, July. 

British "Orders in Council" prohibited all trade with 

France and her allies, Nov. 11. 

Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted, Sept. 

Bonaparte issued his " Milan Decree," Dec. IT. 

Embargo on American ships laid by Congress, Dec. 22. 

1809. Commerce with Great Britain and France interdicted 

by Congress, March 1. 

James Madison inaugurated president, March 4. 

1810. Bonaparte's "Rambouillet Decree" issued, March 23. 

1811. Action between the President and Little Belt, May 16. 

Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana, Nov. 7. 

1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union. 

War against Great Britain proclaimed by the United 

States, June 19. 

Invasion of Canada by General Hull, July 12. 

Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, July 17. 

The first battle of Brownstown, Aug. 5. 

The second battle of Brownstown, Aug. 9. 

Surrender of Detroit by General Hull, Aug. 16. 

British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, Aug. 13. 

British frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution, . . Aug. 19. 

The battle of Queenstown, Oct. 13. 

British frigate Frolic taken by the Wasp, Oct. 18. 

British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States, Oct. 25. 
British frigate Java taken by the Constitution Dec. 29. 

1813. The battle of Frenchtown, Jan. 22. 

British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, Feb. 24. 

Madison commenced a second presidential term, .... March 4. 

The battle of York, April 27. 

Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proctor, . . . May 1. 

The battle of Fort Meigs, May 5. 

Fort George taken by the Americans, May 27. 



276 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1813. The battle of Sackett's Harbor, May 29. 

American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon, June 1. 

The battle of Fort Stephenson, Aug. 2. 

American brig Argus taken by the Pelican, Aug. 14. 

Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort 

Mims, Aug. 30. 

British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise, Sept. 5. 

Perry's victory on lake Erie, Sept. 1 0. 

The battle of the Thames, Oct. 5. 

The battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada, Nov. 11. 

1814. The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War,. . March 27. 
American frigate Essex taken by the Phoebe and 

Cherub, March 28. 

The battle of La Colle Mill, March 30. 

British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock, April 29. 

British sloop Reindeer taken by the Wasp, June 28. 

Fort Erie captured by the Americans, July 3. 

The battle of Chippewa, July 5. 

The battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, July 25. 

Stoniugton bombarded by the British, without effect, August. 

The first battle of Fort Erie, Aug. 15. 

The battle of Bladensburg, Aug. 24. 

The city of Washington taken by the British, Aug. 24. 

British sloop Avon taken by the Wasp, Sept. 1. 

McDonough's victory on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11. 

The battle of Plattsburg, Sept. 11. 

The battle of North Point, Sept. 12. 

The battle of Fort McHenry, Sept. 13. 

The battle of Fort Bowyer, Sept. 15. 

The second battle of Fort Erie, Sept. 17. 

The British driven from Pensacola by General Jack- 
son, Nov. 7. 

The battle on Lake Borgne, Bee. 4. 

Hartford Convention, Dec. 

The battle nine miles from New Orleans, Dec. 23. 

Treaty of Peace between the Uuited States and Great 

Britain, Dec. 24. 

1815. The battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. 

The American frigate President captured by a British 

squadron, Jan. 15. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 277 

1815. The British vessels Cyane and Levant taken by the 

Constitution, Feb. 20. 

The British brig Penguin taken by the Hornet, March 23. 

"War with Algiers declared by Congress, March. 

Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers, May. 

1816. James Monroe inaugurated president, March 4. 

The Bank of the United States rechartered for twenty 

years, April 10. 

Indiana admitted into the Union. 
1811. Mississippi admitted into the Union. 

The Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations. 

1818. General Jackson invaded the Indian territory. 

Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed, April 30. 

Pensacola seized by General Jackson, May 24. 

Illinois admitted into the Union. 

1819. Alabama admitted into the Union. 

1820. Maine admitted into the Union. 

Florida ceded to the United States by Spain. 

1821. Missouri admitted into the Union. 

1824. Lafayette visited the United States. 

1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated president, March 4. 

1826. Death of the two ex-presidents, Adams and Jefferson, July 4. 
1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated president, March 4. 

1831. Death of Ex-president Monroe, July 4. 

1832. "The Black Hawk War." 

" Nullification" in South Carolina. 

1833. Removal of the government deposits from the Bank 

of the United States. 
1S35. War with the Seminoles commenced. 

General Thompson and friends massacred by the 

Seminoles, Dec. 28. 

A party, under General Dade, massacred by the 

Seminoles, Dec. 28. 

1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union. 

1837. Michigan admitted into the Union. 

Martin Van Buren inaugurated president, March 4. 

The battle of Okechobee, Florida, Dec. 25. 

1838. " The Canadian Rebellion." 

1841. William Henry Harrison inaugurated president, March 4. 

Death of William Henry Harrison, April 4. 

24 



278 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1841. John Tyler inaugurated president, April 6. 

1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. 
The " Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island. 

1845. Joint resolution for the annexation of Texas signed 

by President Tyler, March 1. 

James K. Polk inaugurated president, March 4. 

Florida admitted into the Union. 
Texas admitted into the Union. 

1846. Iowa admitted into the Union. 

Thornton's party captured by the Mexicans, April 26. 

Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans, May. 

The battle of Palo Alto, May 8. 

The battle of Resaca de la Palma May 9. 

Congress declared that " war existed by the act of 

Mexico," May 1 1. 

Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras, May 18. 

Monterey surrendered to General Taylor, Sept. 24. 

The battle of Bracito, Pec. 25 

1847. The battle of Buena Yista, Feb. 2?>. 

The battle of Sacramento, Feb. 28. 

The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott. March 27 

The battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18. 

The battles of Contreras and Churubusco, Aug. 20. 

The battle of Molino del Rey, Sept. 8. 

The battle of Chapultepec, Sept. 13. 

City of Mexico entered by the Americans under Scott, Sept. 14. 

The battle of Huamantla Oct. 9. 

1848. Treaty of peace signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2. 

Wisconsin admitted into the Union. 

1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated president, March 5. 

1850. The death of Zachary Taylor, July 9. 

Millard Fillmore inaugurated president, July 10. 

California admitted into the Union. 

1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated president March 4. 

1857. James Buchanan inaugurated president March 4. 

1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union. 

1859. Oregon admitted into the Union. 
186- Kansas admitted into the Union. 



SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES. 



279 



SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 





SETTLED. 
















When. 


"Where. 


By Whom. 




Virginia, 


160T 


Jamestown, 


English, . . 


. * 


New York, 


1614 


New York, 


Dutch, 


£* 


Massachusetts,. . . 


1620 


Plymouth, 


English, . . 


s* 


New Hampshire, 


1623 


Little Harbor,.. . 


English, . . 


zz * 


Connecticut, 


1633 


Windsor, 


English, . . . 


c* 


Maryland, 


1634 


St. Mary's, 


English, . . . 


Sb* 


Rhode Island, . . . 


1636 


Providence, 


English, . . . 


o* 


Delaware, 


1638 


Wilmington, 


Swedes, . . . 


a * 


North Carolina, . . 


1650 


Chowan River, . . 


English, . . . 


S* 


New Jersey, .... 


1664 


Bergen, 


Dutch, 


•£ * 


South Carolina, . . 


1670 


Ashley River, . . 


English, . . . 


H* 


Pennsylvania, . . . 


1681 


Philadelphia, . . . 


English, . . . 


© * 


Georgia, 


1733 


Savannah, 


English, . . . 


H* 


Vermont, 


1724 


Fort Dummer,. . . 


English, . . . 


1791 


Kentucky, 


1775 


Boonesboro, .... 


English, . . . 


1792 


Tennessee, 


1757 


Fort Loudon, . . . 


English, . . . 


1796 


Ohio, 


1788 
1699 


Marietta, 

Iberville, 


English, . . . 
French, . . . 


1802 
1812 


Louisiana, 


Indiana, 


1730 


Vincennes, 


French, . . . 


1816 


Mississippi, 


1716 


Natchez, 


French, . . . 


1817 


Illinois, 


1720 


Kaskaskia, 


French, . . . 


1818 


Alabama, 


1711 


Mobile, 


French, . . . 


1819 


Maine, 


1625 
1764 


Bristol, 

St. Louis, 


French, . . . 
French, . . . 


1820 
1821 


Missouri, 


Arkansas, 


1685 


Arkansas Post,. . 


French, . . . 


1836 


Michigan, 


1670 


Detroit, 


French, . . . 


1837 


Florida, 


1565 


St. Augustine, . . 


Spaniards, . 


1845 


Texas, 


1692 


S. A. De Bexar, . 


Spaniards, . 


1845 


Iowa, 


1833 


Burlington 


English, . . . 


1846 


Wisconsin, 


1669 


Green Bay, 


French, .. . . 


1848 


California, 


1769 


San Diego, 


Spaniards, . 


1850 


Minnesota, 


1846 


St. Paul, 


Americans, 


1S58 


Oregon, 


1811 


Astoria, 


Americans, 


1859 


Kansas, 






Americans, 


186- 









280 



SUCCESSION OF PRESIDENTS. 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 







OF WHAT 




H 


NO. 


PRKS1DENTS. 


STATE. 


INAUGURATED. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 1 


I. 


George Washington 


Virginia 


April 80, ITS9. 


John Adams. 


2. 


John Adams 


Massachusetts 


March 4, 1797 .. 


Thomas Jefferson. 


3. 


Thomas Jefferson 


Virginia 


March 4, 1S01 j 


Aaron Burr. 
George Clinton. 


4. 


James Madison 


Virginia 


March 4, 1809 I 


George Clinton. 
Elbridge Gerry. 


fi. 


James Monroe 


Virginia 


March 4, 1817 .. 


Daniel D.Tompkins. 


6. 


John Q. Adams.. . . 


Massachusetts 


March 4, 1825 .. 


John 0. Calhoun. 


7. 


Andrew Jackson. . 


Tennessee . . 


March 4, 1829 j 


John C. Calhoun. 
Martin Van Buren. 


8 


Martin Van Buren . 


New York .. 


March 4,1837 .. 


Richard M.Johnson 


9. 


William H. Harrison 


Ohio 


March 4, 1S41 .. 


John Tyler. 


10. 


John Tyler 


Virginia .... 


April 6, 1 84 1. 




11. 


James K. Polk 


Tenne see... 


March 4, 1S45 .. 


George M. Dallas. 


12. 


Zacliary Taylor ... 


Louisiana. . . 


March 5, 18i9 .. 


Millard Fillmore. 


IS. 


Millard Fillmore. . . 


New York . 


July 10,1850. 




14. 


Franklin Pierce. 


N. Hampshire 


March 4, 1853.. 


William It. Kins. 


15 
16 


James Buchanan . 


Pennsylvania 


March 4, 1857 . . 


Jno. C.Breckinridge 



QUESTIONS FOR GENERAL REVIEW. 

PAGE 

1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1562 268 

2. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 11, 12 

3. Give an account of the discoveries made by the Cabots 13 

4. Give an account of Vespucci and his explorations 12, 13 

5. G-ira an account of De Leon and his discoveries 13, 14 

6. Give an account of De Ayl Ion's two expeditions 14 

T. Give an account of Cortez and his expedition 15 

8. Give an account of Verrazani,s explorations 16 

9. Give an account of Narvaez's expedition 15 

10. Give an account of Cartier's explorations 11 

11. Give an account of De Soto and his expedition 15, 16 

12. Name in order the principal events from 1562 to 1616 ? 268 

13. Give an account of the Huguenot attempts at settlement. . IT, 18 

14. When and by whom was St. Augustine settled? 18 

15. Give an account of Gilbert's two voyages 19 



GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 281 

PAGE 

16. Give an account of the expedition under Amidas and Barlow. 19 

17. Give an account of Raleigh's two attempts at settlement. ... 20 

18. Give an account of the settlement of Port Royal 17 

19. Give an account of the Kennebec river settlement 21 

20. When, where, and by whom was Virginia settled? 279 

21. Give the history of Jamestown through Wingfield's rule. . 25, 26 

22. Give a connected account of Capt. John Smith. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 39 

23. When, where, and by whom was New York settled? 279 

24. Give the history of New York down till 1664 64, 65, 66, 67 

25. Name, in order, the principal events from 1616 to 1637 269 

26. When, where, and by whom was Massachusetts settled? . . . 279 

27. Give the early history of the Plymouth settlement. 40,41,42, 23,44 

28. When, where, and by whom was New Hampshire settled? . 279 

29. Give an account of Mason's connection with N. Hampshire. 44, 45 

30. When, where, and by whom was Connecticut settled?, 279 

31. Give an account of Hooker's connection with Connecticut . . 47 

32. When, where, and by whom was Maryland settled? 279 

33. Give an account of Cecil Calvert, the second Baltimore. 77, 78, 79 

34. AY hen, where, and by whom was Rhode Island settled? 279 

35. Give some account of Roger Williams 43, 50, 51, 48 

36. Name in order, the principal events from 1637 to 1663 269 

37. Give an account of the Pequod AA r ar 47, 48 

38. When, where, and by whom was Delaware settled? 279 

39. Give the history of the Swedish settlf nent in Delaware ... 82, 83 

40. Give an account of the colonial union formed in 1643 54 

41. Give an account of Clayborne's Rebellion 76, 77, 78 

42. When, where, and by whom was North Carolina settled?.. . 279 

43. What three colonies were planted in North Carolina ?. . . . 85, 86 

44. What account can you give of the "Navigation Act?" 33, 34, 55 

45. Name, in order, the principal events from 1663 to 1681.. . . . 269 

46. When, where, and by whom was New Jersey settled ? 279 

47. Give the history of New Jersey, under the rule of the Dutch. 70, 72 

48. When, where, and by whom was South Carolina settled?. . . 279 

49. State when and how Charleston came to be settled 86, 87 

50. Give an account of King Philip's War 55, 56, 57, 45 

51. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion 269, 34, 35 

52 Name, in order, the principal events from 1681 to 1710 269 

53. When, where, and by whom was Pennsylvania settled?. . . . 279 

54. What account can you give of William Penn ?. 80, 81, 73, 74, 82 

55. Give an account of Andros's career.. . 68, 72, 73, 49, 50, 51, 57, 58 
24' 



i* 



282 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

56. Give an account of King William's War 58, 59, 45, 46, 69 

57. Name, in order, the principal events from 1710 to 1753 270 

58. Give an account of Queen Anne's War 60, 61 

59. When, where, and by whom was Georgia settled? 279 

60. What account can you give of James Oglethorpe ?. . . . 88, 89, 90 

61. Give an account of King George's War 61, 62 

62. Name, in order, the principal events of 1753, 1754, and 1755. 270 

63. What efforts at colonial union were made in 1754? 96 

64. Name, in order, the principal events of 1756, 1757, and 1758. 270 

65. Name, in order, the principal events of 1759 270 

66. Name, in order, the principal events of 1760 and 1763.. 270, 271 

67. Give some account of General Wolfe . . 103, 105, 106 

68. Give some account of General Montcalm. 100, 101, 102, 103, 104 

69. Name, in order, the principal events from 1765 to 1775 .... 271 

70. State the causes that led to the Revolution. 55, 111, 113, 114, 115 

71. Name, in order, the eight principal events of 1775 271 

72. Name, in order, the three principal battles of 1775 185 

73. Name, in order, the eleven principal events of 1776 271 

74. Name, in order, the four principal battles of 1776 185 

75. Name four battles that occurred before the Declaration 185 

76. Name four, of 1776, that took place after the Declaration . . . 185 
' 77. Name, in order, the first nine principal events of 1777 271 

78. Name, in order, the succeeding events of 1777 272 

79. Name, in order, the principal battles of 1777 185 

80. What was Howe's route from Stat. Island to Philadelphia? 142, 143 

81. Name the battles in which General Greene commanded. 185, 186 

82. Name the battles in which General Gates commanded. .... 185 

83. Name the battles in which Washington commanded. 108, 185, 186 

84. Name the battles in which General Howe commanded 185 

85. Name the battles in which General Clinton commanded .... 185 

86. Name the battles in which Cornwallis commanded 185, 186 

87. Give an account of Burgoyne's invasion.. 145, 146, 147, 148, 149 

88. Name, in order, the principal events of 1778 272 

89. Give names and dates of the four battles of 1778 185 

90. Name, in order, the principal events of 1779 272, 273 

91. Name, in order, the principal battles of 1779 185 

92. Give a connected account of D'Estaing. . 154, 155, 156, 158, 162 

93. Name, in order, the principal events of 1780 273 

94. Name, in order, the principal battles of 1780 185, 186 

95. Give some account of General Lincoln 159, 162, 164 



GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 2 S3 

PAGE 

96. Give a connected account of Arnold's treason. 1G7, 168, 1G9, 170 

97. Give an account of Gen. Gates.. 148, 149, 144, 145, 1G5, 166, 174 

98. Name, in order, the principal events of 1781 273 

99. Give some account of General Morgan 124, 174, 175 

100. Arnold. 118, 123, 124, 141, 147, 148, 149, 167,108, 169,170,173, 179 

101. Name, in order, the principal battles of 1781 186 

102. Give an account of Greene. . 135. 156, 167, 174. 175, 176, 177, 178 

103. Give some account of Pulaski and De Kalb. 142, 143, 102, 165, 166 

104. What of naval operations in the Revolution?. 135, 156, 162, 180 

105. Give some account of Lafayette. . . . 140, 142, 156, 174. 178, 240 

106. Name five principal events of 1787, 17S9, and 1790 274 

107. Give a history of the colonial or state unions. 54, 96, 112, 116, 183 

108. Give some account of General St. Clair 145, 146, 189, 190 

109. Give some account of General Wayne 143, 160, 190 

110. Give some account of Franklin. . 96, 130, 140, 153, 181, 183, 289 

111. Give an account of the difficulties with France. 190, 191, 192, 193 

112. What naval difficulties occurred in 1807 and 1811? 196, 197, 200 

113. What troubles were caused by Tecumseh ? 200, 201, 203, 212, 213 

114. Name, in order, the principal events of 1812 275 

115. How many and what land battles took place in 1812 ? 233 

116. Give an account of Hull's invasion of Canada 202, 203, 204 

117. How many and what naval battles took place in 1812 ? .... 234 

118. Name, in order, the first four principal events of 1813 275 

119. Name, in order, the succeeding events of 1813 276 

120. Give an account of Harrison's operations in 1813... 208, 210, 212 

121. Name, in order, the principal land battles of 1813 233 

122. What naval battles occurred during the year 1813? 234 

123. Name, in order, the principal events of 1814 276 

124. Give an account of the Creek War 212, 213, 214 

125. Give an account of Wilkinson's operations 215, 216, 221 

126. Give an account of Brown's operations.. . 215, 221, 222, 223, 224 

127. What account can you give of the Hartford Convention? 232, 233 

128. What naval battles occurred during the year 1814? 234 

129. Name, in order, the principal events of 1815 276, 277 

130. What naval battles took place during the year 1815? 234 

131. What vessels did the Constitution capture during the war? . 234 

132. In what actions was Commodore Decatur engaged? 234 

133. Give some account of Decatur 194, 195, 207, 234, 237 

134. In what naval actions was Captain Porter engaged? 234 

135. In what actions was Captain Lawrence engaged? 234 



284 GENERAL HE VIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAQB 

136. Give an account of the troubles with Algiers 104, 195, 237 

137. Give an account of the Seminole Wars.. . 238, 239, 242, 243, 244 

138. Give an account of the Nullification troubles , 241, 242 

139 Give some account of Jackson.. 213, 230, 231, 238, 239, 241, 242 

1 10. Give an account of " The Canadian Rebellion." 245, 247 

141. Give an account of " The Dorr Rebellion." 246 

142. Give some account of Gen. Harrison. . . . 201, 20S, 210, 212, 245 

143. Give the history of Texas down to the Mexican War.. . 246, 249 

144. Name, in order, the principal events of 1845 278 

145. Name, in order, the principal events of 1846 278 

146. Give names and dates of the four battles of 1846 262 

147. Name, with dates, the nine principal events of 1847 278 

148. What battles were fought during Scott's march in Mexico?. 257 

149. What of Scott?. . 221, 222, 223, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261 

150. What battles occurred during Taylor's march in Mexico?. . . 250 

151. Give an account of Taylor. 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 265 

152. Name the principal events connected with the early history 

of N. Y. city. 65, 67, 70, 112, 113, 115, 128, 131, 133, 1S2, 188 

153. Name the events of Charleston 87, 128, 129, 159, 164, 177 

154. Name those of Uoston. 43, 56, 57. 58, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 127 

155. Name the events of Philadelphia. 81, 121, 130, 135, 143, 154, 192 

156. Name the events of Savannah 89, 157, 158, 162 

157. Name three battles that have occurred in Vermont 185 

158. Name two battles that have occurred in Massachusetts 185 

159. Name two battles that have occurred in Connecticut. . . 185, 186 

160. Name twenty-one that have occurred in N. Y. 108, 185, 233, 234 

161. Name six battles that have occurred in New Jersey 185 

162. Name ten battles that have occurred in Pennsylvania. . 108, 185 

163. Name fourteen that have occurred in S. Carolina.. . 163, 185, 186 

164. Name four battles that have occurred in Georgia 1 85 

165. Name three battles that have occurred in Maryland 233 

166. Name, in order of settlement, the thirteen original states 279 

167. When, where, and by whom, was each of the thirteen settled ? 279 

168. Name the other states, in the order of their admission 279 

169. Name the presidents, in the order of their succession 280 

170. Name the presidents who served eight years each 2S0 

171. Name the presidents who served only four years each 280 

172. Name the presidents who served less than four years each... 280 

173. Name the presidents who came from A'irginia 280 

174. Name each president with the cotemporary vice-president . . 280 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A Declaration by the Mejwesentatives of the United States of 
America, in Congress assembled, July 4th, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which 
have connected them with another, and to assume, among 
the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, 
a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that 
they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are 
created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with 
certain unalienable rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, 
and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever 
any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, 
it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to 
institute a new government, laying its foundation on such 
principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to 
them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- 
ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long 
established, should not be changed for light and transient 
causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that 
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suffer- 
able, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to 
which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 
evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 



286 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, 
and to provide new guards for their future security. Such 
has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such 
is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their for- 
mer systems of government. The history of the present king 
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usur- 
pations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an 
absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts 
be submitted to a candid world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- 
tion till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so sus- 
pended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation 
of large districts of people, unless those people would relin- 
quish the right of representation in the legislature ; a right 
inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their pub- 
lic records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into com- 
pliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op- 
posing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of 
the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, 
incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at 
large for their exercise; the state remaining;, in the mean 
time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, 
and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturaliza- 
tion of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their 
migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appro- 
priations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refus- 
ing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 287 

He has made judges dependent on liis will alone, for the 
tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their 
salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new T offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their 
substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
without the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, 
and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdic- 
tion foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our 
laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, 
for any murders which they should commit on the inhabi- 
tants of these states: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by 

j ur .V • 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh- 
boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary govern- 
ment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once 
an example and fit instrument for introducing the same ab- 
solute rule into these colonies : 

'For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val- 
uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our 
governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- 
selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases 
whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out 
of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 



288 DECLAKATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and 
tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and 
perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and 
totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on 
the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become 
the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall 
themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has 
endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the 
merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes, and condi- 
tions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned 
for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 
tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which 
may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrant- 
able jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the 
circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We 
have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and 
we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, 
to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- 
rupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have 
been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces 
our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of man- 
kind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the 
Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our inten- 
tions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good 
people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that 
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and 
independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegi- 
ance to the British crown, and that all political connection 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



289 



between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought 
to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent 
states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, con- 
tract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts 
and things which independent states may of right do. And, 
for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to 
each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en- 
grossed, and signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



New Hampshire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

Ntw York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 
25 



New Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware. 
Csesar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 



Chi 



•les Carroll, of Car- 
rolkon. 



Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, jun., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, jun., 
Thomas Lynch, jun., 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



THE CONSTITUTION 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 



1. Under what kind of government were the American colonies before 
the Revolution ? Ans. The American colonies, prior to the Revolution, 
were ruled by colonial government. 2. What forms of colonial govern- 
ment were there ? Ans. There were three forms of colonial government: 
the Provincial or Royal government, the Proprietary government, and 
the Charter government" 3. What was the Provincial government? 
Ans. The Provincial government was that which was under the con- 
trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, ruled according to in- 
structions from his royal master. 4. Which ot the colonies were under 
Provincial government? Ans. The colonies under Provincial govern- 
ment were New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Car- 
olina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 5. What was the Proprietary gov- 
ernment? Ans. The Proprietary government was that which was under 
the control of one or more proprietors, by authority of a grant and privi- 
leges conferred by the king. 6. Which of the colonies were under Pro- 
prietary government? Ans. The colonies under Proprietary govern- 
ment were Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 7. What was the 
Charter government? Ans. The Charter government was that wherein 
certain political rights were secured to the people by royal charter. 8. 
Which of the colonies were under Charter government? Ans. The colonies 
under Charter government were Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Con- 
necticut. 9. When did the colonies throw oft' their colonial form of govern- 
ment? Ans. In 1776, upon the recommendation of Congress, most of the 
colonies declared their political connection with Great Britain at an end, 
and proceeded to adopt state constitutions. 10. When did the states 
unite under one government? Ans. The Articles of Confederation, unit- 
ing the thirteen states under one general government, were adopted by 
Congress in 1777 ; but, in consequence of delay on the part of the sever- 
al states to ratify, the Confederation was not complete till 1781. 11. 
How long did the Confederation exist? Ans. The Confederation existed 
from the ratification of the Articles, in 1781, to the time when the Con- 
stitution went into effect, on the 4th of March, 17 89. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 291 

PREAMBLE. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- 
quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the 
general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
selves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen- 
ate and House of Representatives. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- 
posed of members chosen every second year by the people 
of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have 
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the the state legislature. 



Preamble. — 12. What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? 
13.What is the object of the preamble? Arts. The object of the preamble 
is to state the purposes of the Constitution. 14. How many and what 
purposes are stated in the preamble? 15. By whom was the Constitu- 
tion ordained and established? 16. Recite the preamble. 17. How many 
and what departments of government are established under the Consti- 
tution ? Ans. The Constitution establishes three great departments of 
government : the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 18. What is 
the legislative department ? Am. The legislative department is the pow- 
er that enacts the laws. 19. What is the executive department? Ans. 
The executive department is the power that enforces the laws. 20. What 
is the judicial department? Ans. The judicial department is the power 
that interprets the laws. 

ARTICLE I. 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. L— 21. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat ? 22. 
In whom is the legislative power vested? 23. Of how many and what 
branches does Congress consist? 

Sec. II. — 1st Clause. — 24. By whom are the representatives chosen ? 
25. How often are they chosen? 26. What qualifications are requisite 
for electors of representatives ? 27. What is an elector ? Ans. An elec- 
tor is one who has the right to vote in choosing an officer. 



292 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2d Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall 
not have attained to the age of twenty -five years, and been 
seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he 
shall be chosen. 

3d Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- 
portioned among the several states which may be included 
within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to service for a term 
of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made with- 
in three vears after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
United States, and within every subsequent term of ten 
years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 
thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one repre- 
sentative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the 
state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, 
Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Planat- 
tions one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, 
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, 
North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

4th Clause. When vacancies happen in the representation 



2d Clause.— 28. How old must a person be before he can be a represent- 
ative? 29. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? 
30. What is the requisite in regard to his habitation? 31. Now name 
the three qualifications requisite for a representative. 3d Clause.— 32. 
How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the states? 
33. How are the respective numbers of the representative population of 
the several states to be determined? 34. What provision is made in re- 
gard to Indians? 35. What is meant by "all other persons?" Ans. By 
" all other persons" are meant slaves. 36. When was the first census or 
enumeration to be made ? 37. How often thereafter is the census to be 
made ? 38. How many inhabitants at least are required for one repre- 
sentative ? 39. If a state should not have that number, what is the law ? 
40. Was the first representation in Congress based upon the actual pop- 
ulation of the several states ? 41. Which state at first sent the greatest 
number of representatives ? 42. Which two states sent the smallest num- 
ber? 43. Of how many members did the first House of Representatives 
consist? 44. Of how many does the present House consist? Ans. 238. 
Uli Clause.— 45. How are vacancies in the representation of a state to be 
filled ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 293 

from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue 
writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

5tk Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose 
their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

SECTION III. 

1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be com- 
posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legis- 
lature thereof, for six 3 ears ; and each senator shall have one 
vote. 

2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as 
equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the sena- 
tors of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of 
the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the 
fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the 
sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second 
year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, 
during the recess of the legislature of any state, the execu- 
tive thereof may make temporary appointments until the 
next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such 
vacancies. 

hik Clame. — 46. By whom is the speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives chosen ? 47. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen ? 
48. What sole power has the House? 49. What is meant by impeach- 
ment? Ans. An impeachment is an accusation against a public officer, 
charging him with misconduct iu the discharge of his official duties. 

Sec III. — 1st Clame. — 50. Of whom is the Senate composed? 51. By 
whom are the senators chosen ? 52. For how long a period are they cho- 
sen? 53. How does the mode of electing a senator differ from that of a 
representative? Ans. A senator of the United States is chosen by the 
legislature of his state; a representative is chosen by the people. 54. 
How do their terms of office differ? Ans. A senator is chosen for six 
years ; a representative for only two. 55. How many votes is each sen- 
ator entitled to? 56. Have the large states any more senators than the 
small ones? 2d Clause. — 57. Into how many classes were the senators at 
first divided? 58. In what order were their seats of office vacated? 59. 
What proportion of the Senate is elected every year ? 60. How often is 
one-third elected? 61. When may the executive of a state fill a vacancy 
in the Senate? 62. For how long a time does a senator so appointed 
hold his office ? 63. How is the vacancy then filled ? 64. Now state how 
vacancies in the Senate are filled. 

25* 



294 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3c? Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years 
a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be 
chosen. 

4th Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall 
be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless 
they be equally divided. 

5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, 
and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice- 
president, or when he shall exercise the office of president 
of the United States. 

6th Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try 
all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they 
shall all be on oath or affirmation. When the president of 
the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : 
and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence 
of two-thirds of the members present. 

1th Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal from office, and disqualifica- 
tion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit 
under the United States; but the party convicted shall nev- 
ertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- 
ment and punishment, according to law. 

?>d Clause. — G5. How old. must a person be before he can be a senator? 
66. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? 67. 
"What is required of him in regard to residence? 68. Now name the 
three requisites for a senator. 69. How do they differ from those of a 
representative? (See page 292.) 4th Clause. — 70. Who is president of 
the Senate ? 71. When only is he entitled to vote? 5th Clause. — 72, What 
officers are chosen by the Senate? 73. What is meant by a "president 
pro tempore ?" Ans. A " president pro tempore" is one chosen only for 
the time being. 74. When does the Senate choose a "president pro tem- 
pore?" 6th Clause. — 75. What sole power has the Senate? 76. What 
sole power has the House? (See page 293.) 77. Under what solemnity 
does the Senate sit for the trial of Impeachment? 78. When does the 
chief-justice preside in the Senate? 79. Who presides when the presi- 
dent of the United States is tried ? 80. What proportion of the Senate is 
necessary to a conviction? 1th Clause. — 81. How far may judgment ex- 
tend in cases of impeachment? 82. To what is the convicted party fur- 
ther liable ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 295 



SECTION IV. 

1st Clause. The times, places and manner of holding elec- 
tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in 
each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may 
at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as 
to the places of choosing senators. 

2c? Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday 
in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different 
day. 

SECTION V. 

1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, 
returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority 
of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in 
such manner, and under such penalties as each house may 
provide. 

2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- 
ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, 
with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3d Clause. Each hou»e shall keep a journal of its proceed- 
ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the 
yeas and nays of the members of either house on any ques- 
tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be en- 
tered on the journal, 

Sec. IV. — 1st Clause. — 83. What is prescribed by each state legislature 
in regard to elections for senators and representatives? 84. What power 
has Congress over such regulations? 2d Clause.— 85. How often does 
Congress assemble ? 86. On what day is it prescribed that the meeting 
shall take place? 87. May a differentday be appointed ? 88. How? 

Sec. V. — 1st Clause.— 89. Of what is each house constituted the judge? 
90. What proportion constitutes a quorum? 91. What is meant by a 
quorum 1 Ans. By a quorum is meant a sufficient number to do busi 
ness. 92. What power do a smaller number possess, as regards ad 
journing ? 93. What else may they do, as regards absentees ? 2d Clause, 
94. What power has each house, over the rules of its proceedings? 95 
What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules? 3d Clause 
96. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal ? 97 
How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? 98. What part 
of its journal may either house withhold from publication ? 



296 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4th Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress, 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more 
than three days, nor to any other place than that in which 
the two houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION VI. 

1st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive 
a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, 
and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They 
shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the 
peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at 
the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in 
either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the 
time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil of- 
fice under the authority of the United States, which shall 
have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have 
been increased during such time ; and no person holding any 
office under the United States, shall be a member of either 
house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VII. 

1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in 

99. When shall the yeas and nays be entered on the journal? Ath 
Clavse.— 100. For what' length of time may either house adjourn without 
the consent of the other? 101. How is each house restricted as regards 
the place to which it may adjourn ? 

Skc. VI. — 1st Clause. — 102. Are Members of Congress compensated for 
their services ? 103. How is the compensation determined ? 104. How much 
does the law allow to each member of Congress ? Aris. Each member of 
Congress receives eight dollars a day during the period of his attendance 
in Congress ; he also receives eight dollars lor every twenty miles trav- 
elled by the usual route, in going to and returning from the session. 105. 
What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to? 106. 
What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitu- 
tion allows to Congressmen ? 107. In what does treason consist ? (Seepage 
666- * 108. What is felony ? Ann. A felony is understood to mean a crime 
punishable with death. 109. What is meant by a breach of the peace? 
Ans. " A breach of the peace" is a violation of the public order. 110. 
For what are members of Congress not to be questioned ? 2d Clause. 
111. To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected? 112. Sup- 
pose that a person holds an office under the United States, what then ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 297 

the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose 
or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become 
a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; 
if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, 
with his objections to that house in which it shall have orig- 
inated, who shall enter the objections at large on their jour- 
nal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsider- 
ation two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it 
shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- 
proved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. 
But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be de- 
termined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons 
voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal 
of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it 
shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in 
like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by 
their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall 
not be a- law. 



Sec. VII. — 1st Clause. — 113. In which branch of Congress must all bills 
for raising revenue originate? 114. What power has the Senate over 
such bills? 2d Clause. — 115. After a bill has passed both houses of Con- 
gress, what must be done with it ? 116. What must the president do with 
the bill? 117. What is the president's act of objecting to a bill called? 
Arts. The president's act of returning a bill with his objections, is called 
a veto. 118. Why was the veto power given to the president? Ans. The 
veto power was given to the president to enable him to protect the exec- 
utive department of the government against the encroachments of the 
legislature ; also with a view to greater security against the enactment 
of improper laws. 119. When the president vetoes a bill, what is the 
duty of the house to which it is sent? 120. When is the bill sent to the 
other house? 121. What accompanies the bill to the other house ? 122. 
Then what does that other house do with the bill? 123. If two-thirds 
approve of the bill, what then ? 124. Now state how a bill may become 
a law, notwithstanding the veto of the president ? 125. When the two 
houses reconsider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes ? 126. 
What record of names is imperative? 127. State how a bill may become 
a law, even though the president has neither signed nor vetoed it. 128. 
In what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has passed 
both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed ? 



298 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the 
concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may- 
be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be 
presented to the president of the United States; and before 
the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being 
disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the 
Senata and House of Representatives, according to the rules 
and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

SECTION VIII. 

The Congress shall have power 

1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and 
excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence 
and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- 
posts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States ; 

2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States; 

3d Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; 

4th Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 

3d Clause. — 129. What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, 
and votes, requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take 
effect? 130. What is the object of the provision? Ans. If it were not for 
the provision Congress might pass laws, calling them orders or resolu- 
tions, and thus evade the president's veto. 131. When the president ve- 
toes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it take? 132. In what 
case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the president 
no veto power? 

Sec. VIII. — 1st Clause. — 133. What power has Congress in regard to 
taxes, duties, imposts and excises? 134. What are taxes? Ans. Taxes 
are contributions of money exacted by government from individuals, for 
public purposes. 135. How many kinds of taxes are there? Ans. There 
are two kinds of taxes ; direct and indirect. 136. What are direct taxes? 
Ans. Direct taxes are those laid directly on the person or property of in- 
dividuals. 137. What are indirect taxes ? Ans. Indirect taxes are those 
laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption of goods. 138. 
What are duties? Ans. Duties are taxes on the importation or exporta- 
tion of goods. 139. What are imposts? Ans. Imposts are taxes on 
goods imported. 140. What are excises ? Ans. Excises are taxes on goods 
produced or manufactured in the country. 2d Clause. — 141. What power 
has Congress in regard to borrowing money? Zd Clause. — 142. What in 
regard to regulating commerce? it?t Clause. — 143. What in regard to a 
rule of naturalization ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 299 

and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout 
United States; 

5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures; 

6th Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter- 
feiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 

7th Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

8^ Clause. To promote the progress of science and use- 
ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inven- 
tors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
coveries ; 

9th Clauses To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- 
preme court ; 

10/7/, Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of 
nations; 

144. "What is meant by naturalization ? Ans. Naturalization means the 
act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 145. 
How long must a person reside in the United States before he can be 
naturalized ? Ans. A foreigner is required to reside at least five years in 
the United States before he can be naturalized. 146. What power has 
Congress in regard to bankruptcies? 147. What is meant by bankrupt- 
cies ? Ans. A person is a bankrupt when he is unable to pay his just 
debts, oth Clause. — 148. What power has Congress in regard to coining 
money? 149. What, in regard to the value of money? 150. What, in 
regard to foreign coins ? 151. What, in regard to weights and measures ? 
Mh Clause. — 152. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting ? 
7th Clause. — 153. What, in regard to post-ofiices and post-roads? 8th 
Chiuse. — 154. In what way may Congress promote the progress of sci- 
ence and arts? 155. For how long a time is the author of a book entitled 
to the exclusive right of publishing it ? Ans. The author of a book is 
entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it, for the term of twenty- 
eight years. 156. What is the right called ? Ans. The exclusive right 
to publish a book is termed a copyright. 157. May a copyright be re- 
newed ? Ans. At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, the copyright 
may be renewed for the further period of fourteen years. 158. For how 
long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of 
manufacturing it ? Ans. The inventor of a machine is entitled to the ex- 
clusive right of manufacturing it, for a term of fourteen years. 159. 
What is the right called? Ans. The exclusive right to manufacture a 
machine is termed a patent right. 160. Can a patent right be extended ? 
Ans. The commissioner of patents is authorized at the end of the four- 
teen years, to extend the patent right, for the further period of seven 
years. 9th Clause. — 161. What power has Congress in regard to judicial 
tribunals ? 10th Clause.— 1S2. What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc.? 



300 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

llth Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and 
water ; 

12th Clause. To raise and support armies, but no appro- 
priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than 
two y ears ; 

13th Clause. To provide and maintain a navy; 

14th Clause. To make rules for the government and regu- 
lation of the land and naval forces ; 

loth Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and 
repel invasions ; 

16^A Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them 
as may be employed in the service of the United States, 
reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the 
officers, and the authority of training the militia according 
to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

llth Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases 
whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the ac- 

163. What is piracy? Ans. Piracy is robbery on the high seas. 164. 
What is meant by the term " high seas?" Ans. The "high seas" are all 
the waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-watermark, llth 
Clause. — 165. What power has Congress in regard to declaring war ? 166. 
What in regard to " letters of marque and reprisal?" 167. What are 
letters of marque and reprisal ?" Ans. "Letters of marque and reprisal" 
are commissions granted by the government to individuals, authorizing 
them to seize the persons and property of the citizens or subjects of a na- 
tion that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has com- 
mitted. 168. What power has Congress in regard to rules concerning 
captures? 12th Clause. — 169. What power has Congress in regard to 
armies ? 170. In what way is such power restricted ? 13th Clause. — 171. 
What power has Congress in regard to a navy ? lUh Clause. — 172. What 
power in regard to the government of the land and naval forces ? 15th 
Clause. — 178. What power, in regard to calling forth the militia, etc.? 
l§th Clause. — 174. What power, in regard to organizing armies, and dis- 
ciplining the militia ? 175. What in regard to governing the militia? 
176. What reservations are secured to the respective states ? 17th Clause. 
■ — 177. What power has Congress in regard to the seat of government, 
and to places pm-chased for certain purposes set forth? 178. What is 
the district occupied by the seat of government called ? Ans. The dis- 
trict occupied by the seat of the national government, is named The Dis- 
trict of Columbia. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 301 

ceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government 
of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all 
places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the 
state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, 
magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- 
ings ; — and 

18th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, 
and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the 
government of the United States, or in any department or 
officer thereof. 

SECTION IX. 

1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons 
as any of the states now existing shall think proper to ad- 
mit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the 
year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or 
duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding- 
ten dollars for each person. 

2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or 
invasion the public safety may require it. 

179. How large was the District of Columbia originally? Ans. The 
District of Columbia was originally a tract ten miles square. ISO. From 
what states had it been derived? Ans. It had been derived by cession, 
from the states of Maryland and Virginia. 181. Is the District of Colum- 
bia at present ten mile's square ? Ans. The portion which had been de- 
rived from Virginia, having been ceded back to that state in 1846, the 
District of Columbia is now confined to the Maryland side of the Poto- 
mac. 182. What consent is requisite before the Uuited States can acquire 
property in a state, for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. ? 18th Cluuse. 
— 183. What general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to 
making laws? 

Sec. IX.— 1st' Clause.— 184. What restriction was imposed upon Con- 
gress, in regard to the migration or importation of certain persons? 185. 
Who were meant by "such persons V" Ans. By " such persons" were 
meant slaves. 186. What was the great object of the clause? Ans. The 
great object of the clause was to enable Congress to put an end to the 
importation of slaves into the United States, after the year 180S. 187. In 
what way was Congress left to restrain the importation, without actually 
forbidding it? 188. When was the importation actually prohibited? Ans. 
On the 1st of January, 1808, an act of Congress went into effect, prohibit- 
ing the importation of slaves. 2d Clause.— -189. What is said of the writ 
of habeas corpus ? 

26 



302 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3d Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall 
be passed. 

4th Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration here- 
in before directed to be taken. 

5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- 
ported from any state. 

6th Clause. No preference shall be given by any regula- 
tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over 
those of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one 
state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

1th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, 
but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a 
regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- 
tures of all public money shall be published from time to 
time. 

8th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the Unit- 
ed States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust 
under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, ac- 

190. What is a writ of habeas corpus ? Ans. A writ of habeas corpus is 
a written command from a judge or other magistrate, directing that the 
body of a certain person shall be brought before him. 191. What is the 
object of the writ ? Ans. The object of a writ of habeas corpus is to pro- 
vide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. 192. .Re- 
peat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 193. In what 
cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended? Sd 
Clause. — 194. What is said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws? 195. 
What is a bill of attainder? Ans. A bill of attainder is an act of the legis- 
lature, inflicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons sup- 
posed to be guilty of high crimes. 196. What is an ex post facto law? 
Ans. A law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was 
not punishable at the time of its commission, is an ex post facto law. 4th 
Clause. — 197. In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct 
tax? 198. What is meant' by a capitation ? Ans. A capitation is a direct 
tax upon individuals. 199. Hoav is the census to be taken ? (See page 292.) 
5th Clause. — 200. What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to 
articles exported from any state ? 6th Clause. — 201. What preference is 
forbidden in relation to a regulation of commerce or revenue ? 202. What 
freedom have vessels that ai*e bound from one state to another? 7th 
Clause. — 203. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from 
the national treasury? 204. What publication must be made in regard 
to receipts and expenditures of all public money ? Sth Clause. — 205. 
What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? 206. What is 
said of office-holders accepting presents etc.? 207. Uiiderwhat circum- 
stances may an office-holder accept a present ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 303 

cept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

section x. 

1st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin 
money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and 
silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of 
attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation 
of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its 
inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and im- 
posts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for 
the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such 
laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
Congress. 

So 7 Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Con- 
gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war 

208. Kepeat the clause relating to titles and presents. 

Skc. X. — 1st Clause. — 209. What prohibition is placed upon the several 
states as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? 210. What, as re- 
gards letters of marque and reprisal? 211. What, as regards the coin- 
ing of money? 212. What, as regards bills of credit? 213. What is 
meant by bills of credit ? Ans. Bills of credit, within the meaning of 
the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the peo- 
ple. 214. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 215. 
What prohibition is placed upon individual states,' in regard to a bill of 
attainder? 216. What, in regard to an ex post facto law? 217. What, in 
regard to a law impairing an obligation ? 218. What, in regard to a 
title of nobility? 21 C J. Recite the clause just considered. 2d Clause. — 
220. What prohibition are individual states under, as regards imposts or 
duties? 221 In what case only, may a state lay any imposts or duties? 
222. What are inspection laws '? Ans. By inspection laws are meant laws 
requiring certain articles of commerce to be examined by officers called 
inspectors. 223. What is the object of inspection laws ? Ans. The ob- 
ject is to protect the public against fraud or imposition on the part of the 
producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of 
articles produced, 224. What disposition must be made of the net prod- 
uce of all duties and imposts laid by individuals? 225. What are the 
inspection laws of individual states, as regards imports or exports, sub- 
ject to ? 2>d Cause. — 226. What prohibition are individual states under, 
as to the laying of a duty of tonnage ? 



304 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, 
unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
SECTION I. 

1st Clause. The executive power shall he vested in a 
president of the United States of America. He shall hold 
his office during the term of four years, and, together with 
the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected, as 
follows : 

2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as 
the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 

227. What is a duty of tonnage? Ans. A duty of tonnage, or a ton- 
nage duty, is a tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 228. What 
prohibition are individual states under as to the keeping of troops? 229. 
What, as to the keeping of ships of war ? 230. What, as to an agreement 
or compact with another state," or with a foreign power? 231. What, as 
to engaging in war? 232. Under what circumstances then may a state 
engage in war ? 

ARTICLE II. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Skc. I.— IstChufte. 233. Of what does Article IT. of the Constitution treat? 
— 234. In whom is the executive power of the United States vested? 235. 
What is the president's term of office ? 236. How often may a president 
be re-elected V Ans. The Constitution does not limit the number of terms 
for which a president may be re-elected. 237. Who was the first presi- 
dent of the United States? (See table, page 280.) 238. For how many 
terms did Washington serve? 239. Why was not Washington elected 
for a third term ? Ans. At the close of his second term of office, Wash- 
ington declined to be a candidate for a third term. 240. What has been 
the effect of his declination? Ans. Washington's example, in declining 
to be elected for a third term, has become a precedent by which subse- 
quent presidents have been guided. 241. How many and what presidents 
have served two terms each ? (See table, page 280.) 242. Which has the 
longest term of office ; the president, a senator, or a representative? 243. 
Wliat term has each? 244. What is the vice-president's term of office? 
245. Who was the first vice president of the United States? (See table, 
page 280.) 246. By whom are the president and vice-president chosen ? 
Ans. The president and vice-president are not chosen by the people di- 
rectly, but by electors. 2d Clause. — 247. In what manner does each state 
appoint electors ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 305 

equal to the whole number of senators and representatives 
to which the state may be entitled in the Congress: but no 
senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust 
or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an 
elector. 

[The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot 
for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons 
voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United 
States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Sen- 
ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- 
son having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if 
there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal num- 
ber of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose 
by ballot one of them for president ; and if no person have a majority, 
then from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like man- 
ner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall 
be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary 
to a choice. In every case after the choice of the president, the person 
having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the vice- 
president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, 
tne Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president.] 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, 
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 

248. What number of electors is each state entitled to? 249. "Who are 
prohibited from being electors ? 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
250. What has been done with the original clause of the Constitution 
prescribing the proceedings to be taken to elect a president and vice-pres- 
ident ? Ans. The original clause of the Constitution, prescribing the mode 
in which the president and vice-president were to be elected, has been 
repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth amendment to the. Consti- 
tution. 251. Where do the electors for president and vice-president 
meet? 252. In what way do they vote? 253. What is prescribed re- 
specting one of the persons for whom they shall not vote? 254. How is 
it required that their ballots shall be made out? 

20* 



306 CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 

person voted for as vice-president, and they shall make 
distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all 
persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of 
votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and 
transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the president of the Senate ; — the pres- 
ident of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
votes shall then be counted; — the person having the great- 
est number of votes for president, shall be the president, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from 
the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three 
on the list of those voted for as president, the House of 
Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the 
president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall 
be taken by states, the representation from each state 
having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a 
majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. 
And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a pres- 
ident whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice- 



255. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare? 256. What 
provision must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their 
hands? 257. After the lists are signed, certified, and sealed, to whom are 
thev directed? 258. To what place are they then transmitted? 259. 
What does the president of the Senate do with the certificates? 260. How 
is it determined who is elected president? 261. Now describe the man- 
ner in which the electors choose a president. 262. In the event of no 
choice being made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? 
263. From how manyand what candidates must the House of Represen- 
tatives choose the president? 264. In what way must the choice be 
made? 265. How are the votes taken in choosing the president? 266. 
How many votes is each state entitled to? 267. How many is each enti- 
tled to, when voting by electors? 268. In choosing the president by the 
House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? 269. In such 
case, how many states are necessary to a choice? 270. Whenever the 
right of choosing a president devolves upon the House of Representa- 
tives, till what time may the right be exercised? 271. Now describe the 
manner in which the House of Representatives choose a president? 272. 
In the event of both the electors and House of Representatives failing to 
choose a president, what takes place ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 307 

president shall act as president, as in the case of the death 
or other constitutional disability of the president. 

2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- 
pointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the 
two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the 
vice-p resident; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of 
two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority 
of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

3d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- 
president of the United States. 



3d Clause. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give 
their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
United States. 

4th Clause. No person except a natural born citizen, or a 
citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of 
this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; 
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 



273. How is it determined whom the electors have chosen for vice-pres- 
ident? 274. In the event of no person having a majority of electoral votes, 
by whom is the vice president chosen ? 275. When choosing a vice-pres- 
ident, how many senators are requisite to a quorum? 276. How many 
are necessary to a choice? 277. What is said of the eligibility to the of- 
fice of president, as compared with that of vice-president? 

3d Clause. — 278. What power has Congress over the time of choosing 
the electors ? 279. What as to the day on which the electors shall vote? 
280. In the event of Congress determining the day on which the electors 
shall give their votes, what sameness is prescribed? 281. When are the 
electors chosen ? Ans. The electors are chosen in each state on the Tues- 
day next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential 
term. 282. Where do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. The 
electors meet in their respective states at a place appointed by the leg- 
islature thereof. 283. What place is usually appointed for their 'meeting ? 
Ans. The place usually appointed for their meeting is the capital of their 
state. 284. When do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. The 
meeting of electors takes place on the first Wednesday in the last Decem- 
ber of each presidential term. Uh Clause. — 285. What person, as regards 
his place of birth, cannot be eligible to the office of president? 



308 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been 
fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

5th Clause. In case of the removal of the president from 
office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 
the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- 
volve on the vice-president, and the Congress may by law 
provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or in- 
ability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring 
what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall 
act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a presi- 
dent shall be elected. 

6 th Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in- 
creased nor diminished during the period for which he shall 
have been elected, and he shall not receive within that pe- 
riod any other emolument from the United States, or any 
of them. 

1th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 

236. How old must a person be to be eligible to that office ? 287. How- 
many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have resided with- 
in the United States? 2SS. Now state the legal qualifications of a pres- 
ident. 289. Recite the clause relating to the qualifications, bth Clause. 
— 290. In what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the 
vice-president? 291. Wn at provision is made by the Constitution for the 
case of removal or death, etc., of the president? 292. What, for the case 
of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president? 293. In the case 
of removal, etc., of both president and vice president, what officer, shall, 
by law of Congress, act as president ? Ans. In case of the removal, death, 
resignation, or inability, of both the president and vice-president, the 
president of the Senate, pro tempore, shall act as president. 294. What 
is to be done, in case there is no president of the Senate I Ans. In case 
there is no president of the Senate, the speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives shall act as president. 295. How long shall such officers, act- 
ing as president, continue to act? Uk Clause.— -296. What does the Con- 
stitution provide as regards the compensation to be allowed to the presi- 
dent? 297. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any other emolu- 
ment ? 298. Recite the clause relating to the president's compensation. 
299. What is the salary of the president ? Ans. The salary of the presi- 
dent, as fixed by act of Congress, is $25,000 a year, together with the use 
of the presidential mansion and its furniture. 300. What is the salary of 
the vice-president? Ans. The vice-president's salary is §8,000 a year. 
7th Clause. — 301. What does the president do, just before entering on the 
execution of his office? 



CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 309 

execute the office of president of the United States, and 
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend 
tbe Constitution of the United States." 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief 
of the army and navy of the United States, and of the mili- 
tia of the several states, when called into the actual service 
of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, 
of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, 
upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective 
offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and par- 
dons for offences against the United States, except in cases 
of impeachment. 

2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, 
and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall 

302. Repeat the oath or affirmation taken by the president. 

Skc. II. — 1st Clause. — 303. In what relation does the president stand 
toward the army and navy? 304. When only can he command the mili- 
tia? 305. Whose opinions may he require in writing? 306. Upon what 
subjects may he require the opinions? 307. Is he bound to be guided by 
such opinions ? Ans. It is not required of the president that he be guid- 
ed by the opinions of the members of his cabinet. 308. What executive 
departments have been established b} T Congress ? Ans. By various acts 
of Congress, six executive departments have been established, namely : 
(1) Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Department of 
War, (4) Department of the Treasury, (5) Post-officeDepartment, and (6) 
Department of the Interior. 309. For what purpose were they estab- 
lished ? Ans. They were established for the purpose of aiding the presi- 
dent in the executive and administrative business of the government. 
31<>. How are the heads of the departments appointed ? Ans. The heads 
of the departments are appointed by the president, with the advice and 
consent of the Senate. 311. How is the attorney-general appointed? 
Ans. The attorney-general of the United States is appointed in like man- 
ner with the heads of the departments. 312. Of whom does the presi- 
dent's cabinet consist? Ans. The president's cabinet consists of the 
heads of the departments, and the attorney-general of the United States. 

313. What power has the president, in relation to reprieves and pardons? 

314. What is a reprieve? Ans. A reprieve is a limited suspension or de- 
lay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. 315. With what 
exception is the president vested with the power to grant reprieves and 
pardons? 2d Cuutse.—'dlK. What power has the president relative to 
treaties? 317. In whom is the appointing power vested? 



310 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the 
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise 
provided for, and which shall be established by law : but the 
Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior 
officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the 
courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

3d Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of 
their next session. 

SECTION III. 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- 
tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and 
expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene 
both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement 
between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he 
may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he 
shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he 
shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and 
shall commission all the officers of the United States. 

318. What is the first step in making an appointment? 319. What offi- 
cers are enumerated, for which the president and Senate make appoint- 
ments? 320. What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of 
inferior officers? 3d Clause.— 821. What vacancies can the president fill ? 
322. When does such appointment expire ? 

Sec. III. — 323. What information is the president required to give to Con- 
gress? 324. What recommendations is he required to make? 825. In 
what way are the recommendations made? Ans. The president's rec- 
ommendations to Congress are made by means of written messages. 326. 
Was the reading of written messages always the practice? Ans. The 
first two presidents, Washington and Adams, used to meet both houses 
of Congress, and make their recommendations by verbal addresses. 327. 
Is Congress obliged to adopt the president's recommendations ? Ans. 
Congress is under no obligation to adopt the recommendations of the 
president. 328. When may the president convene both houses? 329. 
May he convene only one house? 330. When? 331. When may the 
president adjourn Congress? 332. What is the duty of the president 
respecting ambassadors, etc. ? 333. What is his duty respecting the 
execution of the laws ? 334. What is his duty respecting the granting of 
commissions ? 



CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 311 



SECTION IV. 

The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment 
for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes 
and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I, 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Con- 
gress may from time to time ordain and establish. The 
judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 
their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, 
receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, 
in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws 
of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassa- 
dors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of 

Sec. IV. — 335. For what crimes may government officers be removed 
from office ? 336. How may the removal be effected ? 

ARTICLE III. 

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. I.— 337. Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treat? 338. 
In what is the judicial power of the United States vested? 339. How 
long do the judges hold their offices ? 340. What is established as to the 
compensation of the judges ? 841. How can the judges be removed from 
office? (See page 294.)' 342. How is the supreme court of the United 
States organized ? Ans. The supreme court of the United States is com- 
posed of one chief-justice, and eight associate justices, any five of whom 
constitute a quorum. 343. What is the salary of the chief-justice? Ans. 
The salary of the chief-justice is £6,500 a year. 344. What is the salary 
of each associate justice? Ans. The salary of each associate justice is 
§6,000 a year. 

Sec. II. — 1st Clause. — 345. Name the first of the nine subjects in which 
the United States courts have jurisdiction. 346. Name the second, con- 
cerning ambassadors, etc. 



312 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to 
which the United States shall be a party; to controversies 
between two or more states ; between a state and citizens 
of another state; between citizens of different states; be- 
tween citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants 
of different states, and between a state, or the citizens there- 
of, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

2d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
lic ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall 
be party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. 
In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court 
shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 
with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the 
Congress shall make. 

3d Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- 
peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in 
the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; 
but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be 
at such place or places as the Congress may by law have 
directed. 

SECTION III. 

1st Clause. Treason against the United States shall con 
sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their 
enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be 

347. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. 348. The fourth, 
concerning controversies with the United States. 349. The fifth, con- 
cerning controversies between states. ".50. The sixth, concerning con- 
troversies between a state and citizens. 351. The seventh, concerning 
controversies between citizens. 352. The eighth, concerning controver- 
sies between citizens claiming lands. 353. What is the last of the nine 
subjects? 2d Clause, — 354. In what cases has the supreme court original 
jurisdiction? 355. What is meant by original jurisdiction? Ans. The 
original jurisdiction of a court is that in which a suit originates or com- 
mences. 356. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction? Ans. The ap- 
pellate jurisdiction of a court is that in which the decision of an inferior 
court is taken on appeal. Zd Clause. — 357. Before whom must the "trial 
of all crimes" be held? 358. What cases are exceptions to the law? 359. 
By whom are impeachments tried? (See page 294.) 360. Where must 
the trial of a crime committed within a state be held? 361. Where, when 
not committed within a state? 362. Repeat the entire clause just consid- 
ered. 

Sec. III. — 1st Clause. — 363. Of how many things does treason against 
the United States consist? 364. What are the two things? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 313 

convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses 
to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the 
punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work 
corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of 
the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

SECTION I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other 
state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe 
the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall 
be proved, and the effect thereof. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to 
all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

2d Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 
found in another state, shall on demand of the executive 
authority of the state from which he tied, be delivered up, 
to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 

-365. "What is necessary to a conviction of treason? 2d Clause. — 366. 
What power has Congress relative to the punishment of treason ? 367. 
"What punishment has Congress accordingly declared ? Ans. Congress 
has declared that the punishment of treason" shall be death by hanging. 
368. How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder? 369. 
What is meant by attainder? Arts. Attainder means a staining, corrup- 
tion, or rendering impure. 370. What is meant by corruption of blood? 
Ans. By " corruption of blood" a person is disabled to inherit lands from 
an ancestor ; nor can he either retain those in his possession, or transmit 
them by descent to his heirs. 

ARTICLE IV. 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
Sec. I.— 371. Of what does Article IV. treat? 372. How are the public 
acts, etc., of the several states, to be treated in each state? 373. How are 
they to be proved ? 

Sec. II. — 1st Clause. — 374. What privileges and immunities are the cit- 
izens of each state entitled to ? 2d Clause. — 375. "What is said of persons 
charged with crime, fleeing into another state ? 
27 



314 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3d Clause. No person held to service or labor in one 
state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharg- 
ed from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on 
claim of the party to whom such service or labor may he due. 

SECTION III. 

1st Clause. New states may be admitted by the Congress 
into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erect- 
ed within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state 
be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of 
states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states 
concerned as well as of the Congress. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose 
of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the 
territory or other property belonging to the United States; 
and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to 
prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particu- 
lar state. 

SECTION IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect 
each of them against invasion; and on application of the 
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature can- 
not be convened), against domestic violence. 

Zd Clause. — 376. What is said of persons escaping from service or la- 
bor? 377. What persons are referred to in the third clause? Ans. The 
persons referred to are fugitive slaves. 

Sec. III. — 1st Clause.— 378. By whom may new states be admitted into 
the Union? 379. What is said of the formation of new states? 380. How 
many states helonged to the Union at the adoption, of the Constitution ? 
(See'page 292.) 381. How many belong to the Union now ? 2d Clause. 
— 382. What power has Congress respecting the territory or other prop- 
erty belonging to the United States ? 383. What construction as to claims 
is not to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? 

Sec. IV. — 384. What guarantee does the Constitution make to the sev- 
eral states in respect to their form of government? 385. In what two 
events are the United States bound to protect individual states ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 315 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Consti- 
tution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds 
of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing 
amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all in- 
tents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified 
by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or 
by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; 
provided that no amendment which may be made prior to 
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any 
manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth sec- , 
tion of the first article ; and that no state, without its con- 
sent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements entered 
into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as 
valid against the United States under this Constitution, as 
under the confederation. 

2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; 

ARTICLE V. 

MODE OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION. 

386. Of what does Article V. treat ? 387. In what two ways may 
amendments to the Constitution be proposed ? 388. What two ways are 
provided for ratifying amendments V 389. What three restrictions upon 
the power of making amendments were originally imposed by the Consti- 
tution? 390. Why have two of the restrictions lost their force? 391. 
What do "the first and fourth clauses" referred to, declare? 392. What 
permanent restriction upon the power of making amendments still exists 
in full for.ce ? 

ARTICLE VI. 

ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

1st Clause. — 393. What debts and engagements does the Constitution 
recognize ? 2d Clause. — 394. What is declared to be the supreme law of 
the land ? 



316 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any 
thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary 
notwithstanding. 

3d Clause. The senators and representatives before men- 
tioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, 
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or 
affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious 
test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or 
public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be 
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between 
the states so ratifying the same. 

395. By what are the judges in every state bound? 2>d Clause. — 

396. Who, besides the judges, are bound to support the Constitution ? 

397. In what way shall they be bound ? 398. What prohibition is made 
in regard to religious tests ? 

ARTICLE VII. 

399. How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution in or- 
der to its establishment? 400. Where did the Convention meet which 
framed the Constitution ? Ans. The convention which framed the Con- 
si itution met in Philadelphia. 401. In what year was it framed? 402. 
Who was the president of the convention ? 403. How many delegates 
signed the Constitution? 404. Which of the thirteen states was not rep- 
resented in the convention ? 405. How many states ratified the Constitu- 
tion before it went into effect ? Ans. Eleven states ratified the Constitu- 
tion before it went into operation. 406. Which of the thirteen states did 
not ratify the Constitution until afterward ? Ans. North Carolina and 
Rhode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until after it had been rati- 
fied by the other eleven states and had gone into operation ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 317 

AMENDMENTS, 



PROPOSED BT CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL 
STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 



ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment 
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or 
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the 
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the 
government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security 
of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, 
shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any 
house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, 
but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and 
seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, 

AMENDMENTS. 

407. How may the amendments to the Constitution be regarded? Ans. 
All the amendments to the Constitution with the exception of the last, 
may be regarded as a declaration, securing to the people and states cer- 
tain rights, beyond the possibility of being encroached upon by Congress. 
1st Article. — 40*8. What declaration does the first amendment make, respect- 
ing religion ? 409. What, respecting the freedom of speech ? 410. What,^ 
respecting the freedom of the press? 411. What, respecting the right of 
petition? 2d Article.— 412. What is the declaration respecting the right 
of the people to keep and bear arms ? 3d Article. — 413. What is said of 
quartering soldiers? tth Article. — 414. What is said of searches and 
seizures? 



318 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, 
and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the 
persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- 
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment 
of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval 
forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of 
war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for 
the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; 
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use, without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the 
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of 
the state and district wherein the crime shall Lave been com- 
mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained 
by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the 
accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; 
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his 
favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 

415. "What is said of the issuing of warrants ? 5th Article. — 416. 
What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes ? 417. What is 
said of a second trial for the same offence? 418. What is the meaning 
of the clause that no person shall " be twice put in jeopardy," etc. ? Ans. 
It means that no person shall be a second time tried for the same offence, 
of which he has been legally acquitted or convicted. 419. When shall 
not a person be compelled to witness against himself? 420. What guar- 
antee of protection to life, liberty, and property is given? 421. When 
only can private property be taken for public use ? 6th Article. — 422. 
What right shall a person accused of crime enjoy? 423. What right, 
as to the witnesses against him? 424. What right, as to the witnesses in 
his favor ? 425. What right, as to the assistance of counsel ? 1th Arti- 
cle. — 426. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 319 

shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall 
be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise 
re-examined in any court of the United States, than accord- 
ing to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained 
by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved 
to the states respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or 
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of 
another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 

427. In what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury 
be made? 8th Article.. — 428. What is said of bail, fines, and punishments? 
Uh Article. — 429. What is said of rights retained by the people ? 10th 
Article. — 430. What is said of the powers reserved to the states"? llth Ar- 
ticle. — 431. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power? 



18 Aprl .1860 



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